Child and Young Person Development Cyp3.1.A1: Pattern of Development Essay

  | |The sequence of development is the order in which development occurs. The rate of development is the speed at which development | | |occurs. | | |Every child is unique and will develop at their own rate. Children will usually follow the same pattern of development but the rate | | |at which they reach their milestones may vary depending on the individual and their ability. | | | It is important to recognise the difference so when recording the rate of development you can identify any concerns that you may have| | |within the development area and this allows you to plan effectively for the individual. | | | | | | | | | | | |Birth to 1 month | | |Makes basic distinctions in vision, hearing, smelling, tasting, touch, temperature, and perception of pain | | |Helpless | | |Fed by mother | | | | | |2 months to 3 months | | |Colour perception, visual exploration, oral exploration | | |Sounds: cries, coos, grunts | | |Control of eye muscles | | |Smiles | | | | | |4 months to 6 months | | | Recognises sounds | | |Control of head and arm movements | | |Can grasp objects | | |Rolls over | | |Enjoys being cuddled | | |Can distinguish between familiar people and strangers | | | | | |7 months to 9 months | | |Sits without support | | |Crawls around | | |Has emotional attachment to mother | | |Protests separation from mother | | | | | |10 months to 12 months | | |Control of legs and feet | | |Can stand up | | |Says one or two words and can imitate sounds | | |Responds to simple commands | | |Curious and wanting to explore | | |Has a fear of strangers | | |Responds to own name | | |Gives and takes objects | | | | | | | | |1 year to 1 1/2 years | | |Climb stairs | | |Makes lines on paper with a crayon | | | Upset when separated from mother | | |Feeds himself | | |Repeats a few words | | |Obeys limited commands | | | | | | | | |1 1/2 to 2 years | | |Can run and kicks a ball | | |Can build a 6 cube tower | | |Capable of bowel and bladder control | | |Has a vocabulary of more than 200 words | | |Can throw temper tantrums | | |Does the opposite of what they are told | | | | | | | | |2 years to 3 years | | |Jumps off a step | | |Rides a tricycle | | |Builds a 9-10 cube tower. | | | Starts to use short sentences | | |Differentiates facial expressions of anger, sorrow, and joy. | | |Has a Sense of humour | | |Enjoys playing alongside another child | | | | | | | | |3 years to 4 years | | |Stands on one leg | | |Can draw a circle and a cross | | |Self-sufficient in many routines of home life | | |Likes to share | | |Starts to play with other children | | | | | | | | |4 years to 5 years | | |Skips | | |Broad jumps | | |Dresses themselves | | |Talks clearly and uses adult speech sounds | | |Knows over 2,000 words | | |Understands responsibility and feels guilt | | |Feels pride in accomplishment | | |Prefers to play with other children | | |Becomes competitive | | | | | | | | |6 years of age | | |Can read and write simple text | | | Focus on only one issue at a time when solving problems | | |Become increasingly social | | | | | | | | |7 years to 8 years | | |Begin to show a preference for a certain learning style | | |Like to be involved in some group play, but need time alone, too | | |Have rapidly changing emotions | | |Well-developed speech and use correct grammar most of the time | | | | | | | | |8 years to 10 years | | |Know the complete date (day of the week, day of the month, month, and year) | | |Enjoy being with friends and often have a â€Å"best† friend of the same gender | | |Have speech patterns that are nearly at an adult level | | |Have good control of large and small muscles | | | | | | | | |10 years to 12 years | | |Boys become taller and thinner | | |Girls become taller and more shapely | | | Thinks in a more logical sophisticated way | | |Puberty | | |Interest in the opposite sex | | |Increasing need for privacy | | | | | | | | |12 to 16 years | | |Beginning of adolescents | | |Intense and rapid growth development | | |Builds skills to become self-sufficient | | |May be strongly invested in a single, romantic relationship | | | | | | | | |16 years to 19 years | | |Complete puberty and the physical transition from childhood to adulthood | | |Attain cognitive maturity – the ability to make decisions based on knowledge of options and their consequences | | |Reach nearly their adult height, especially females. Males continue to grow taller into their early twenties | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Organic Foods vs Conventional Foods Essay

The purpose of this study is to test whether or not organic foods have more health benefits and are safer than conventional foods. The word organic refers to how farmers grow and process agricultural products. Farmers use nonconventional methods to fertilize, control weeds and to prevent disease in livestock. This study included seventeen studies in humans which carefully studied the biomarker and nutrient levels in serum, breast milk, semen and urine. The participants involved in this study were tested for pesticide levels. Pesticides can be absorbed into fruits and vegetables, and leave trace residues. Foods were tested for pesticide levels as well as bacterial contamination and Escherichia Coli contamination. The study shows that eating organic foods in place of conventional foods lacks strong evidence that organic foods are significantly more nutritional than the conventional foods. The study did however find that consumption of the organic foods may help reduce exposure to antibiotic resistant bacteria as well as pesticide residuals. I was shocked by the results of this study. I believe the majority of people have always believed that organic foods are far healthier than conventional foods. Organic foods generally cost 20% more than the nonorganic varieties. A good question to ask yourself is whether or not it is worth it to pay the extra money for organic foods. Although the organic foods do not provide the extra nutritional punch as once believed, I feel it is worth paying the extra money for these items. Any reduction in exposure to harmful pesticides may be beneficial to your long term health. Pesticides have been proven to cause skin irritation, eye irritation, nerve system damage as well as certain cancers and hormone disruption. The authors of this study did a great job identifying the benefits of consuming organic foods. I believe this is an area that will continue to be researched as we continue to learn more about the effects of the foods we put in our bodies. Christain Nordqvist (2012. September 5). â€Å"Organic Food Has No Benefits Over Conventional Food, Says Study.’ Medical News Today. Retrieved from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles249848.php.

How Apps Can Change Our Health Care Environment Essay

How Apps Can Change Our Health Care Environment - Essay Example The trend is relatively new and not all operating systems have completely embraced it totally, however, this utility is slowly creeping in the technological and medical science field and enabling more benefits. Since the medical field pertains to specialization in one particular domain and that is of medicine, the chemical names and other chemical formulae, thereby the understanding may be difficult for common man. The first and foremost consideration in this regard should be that of the level of understanding of the common man. The language must be easy to interpret and should not be restricted to one particular set of people who may specialize in the medical field. Numerous operating systems have launched applications for the purpose of medical health. Apple Inc is one of the leaders in this field. They launched this service couple of years ago. medical apps are one similar endeavor undertaken by Apple Inc and it has the number of applications under its belt that facilitate better healthcare knowledge and awareness. Android Operating system is not far behind and it has introduced numerous applications for the same purpose. Applications may be created in different ways. Some that contain the technical information for the specialists and people directly associated while others as the common people who may need the general information. This application may be used to determine the number of calories that may be taken daily, along with other mathematical figures that must be kept in mind. Finding the accurate blood pressures, sugar level and all the relevant information about similar minor diseases, information can be given spread through such applications. Calculate by QxMD is another application that is used as a medical calculator for the same purpose.

The specific factors of the Turkish culture Dissertation

The specific factors of the Turkish culture - Dissertation Example 1.0 INTRODUCTION Career counselling is a challenging field that has to take in view each and every aspect that may or may not affect the personal abilities, potential and aptitude of subjects’ lives. A Career is a notion that needs much thought and planning before jumping in the arena as the financial and economic health as well as the physical and mental satisfaction of a person highly depends upon it. Thus, when the high time comes, and one is referred to a career counsellor, then the person is actually considering his future seriously. A counsellor can provide with an impartial and objective view of one’s own possibilities as well as some certain profitable ways to utilize them so that one may not plunge into something to regrets later. However, everything is not determined by personal choices and skills. There are other factors, more affective and powerful, that have to be considered before taking such an important decision of one’s life. A career counsellor has the responsibility to point out these factors to the subjects elaborately. These factors include the usual business fields offered in the convenient area, the availability of the needed education and training facilities, the usual trends and the possibility of the availability of vacant posts in future in that particular field, and also an acceptance from the society. The researcher thinks that the last factor affect much as it hold the power of cultural norms, traditions and customs in which the subject has lived for quite a while, and certainly the chosen profession must have to come in terms with the cultural acceptance and proposals. 1.1 BACKGROUND Culture occupies... Culture occupies a central role in a person’s life. It affects a man externally as well as internally as he grows living in it. Thus, when a man reaches his prime he is a walking embodiment of his culture. Therefore it is believed that the culture plays an important role in every important decision of his life, including the career selection. The researcher has selected to apply personal beliefs on Turkish individuals. Turkey is a country with extraordinarily rich culture. Due to it being rapidly developing and consequently continuously changing possibilities, its culture is accepting new and advanced norms. However, the researcher believes that there are still some factors that do not allow the U-turns in the selection of careers. It has been noted that this is the thing particularly in the case of female subjects. Being the symbol of beauty and delicacy, it had always been a predetermined notion that they cannot take part in laborious works. The researcher has also noted that there are some cultural restrictions other than their own will that does not allow them to go for these jobs. Also, there are some indications that male members of the society also face some societal expectations that bound them to select from a particular set of careers. The idea is to investigate these matters more elaborately and objectively so that cultural reasons for these sorts of limited choices can be figured out. Thus, the researcher has aimed this study to the elucidate the problems that a young student faces when he or she passes out of the college.

SWOT and PESTEL Analyses in Business Planning Essay

SWOT and PESTEL Analyses in Business Planning - Essay Example For the purpose outlined above, it is imperative to discuss what is business planning first and how the analysis of the business environment figure play its part. Essentially, the concept of business planning should be self-explanatory or that its meaning should be plain and obvious. However, the process is actually technical and scientific and claims an important field of research in the area of business management. Perhaps the simplest but best understood definition is that it is an undertaking in the real world done in order to understand where an individual or an organization is coming from and what the future may hold. Out of this conception, it easy to understand how business planning can be fundamental in successfully starting a business and in operating established businesses. Mylonas, Harvey and Hodges (2007) listed several reasons why a business plan is crucial for start-up organization. The four most important of these are: 1) to determine the feasibility of a business idea; 2) to set the goals and outline the plan of action to achieve them; 3) develop business strategies; and, 4) help in implementing research to subsequently establ ish a business direction. And yet, business planning is needed by companies that are long past their startup stage and that they, as a rule, are useful in all stages of an business organization’s life span. ... According to Bessant and Tidd, most of these are in the area of marketing and finance, and that most plans are also bound to fail in identifying analysis on potential competitors and comprehensive financial forecast, among others that contribute to limited successes. (p170) Ideally, a business plan, according to Kariv (2011), â€Å"guide a firm’s management and staff in carrying out new projects; to guide retailers weighing the prospects of mergers; to manage mergers; to deal with rapid growth; to set priorities when planning changes; to capture new clients; to deal with difficulties and contingencies† or to address â€Å"a new financial situation relevant to the company; significant changes in the market, such as shifting tastes, changes in regulations, fluctuations in the purchasing climate; development of new products† and so on. (p138) Evidently, the list of reasons is quite numerous and diverse. But these underscore the fact that the requirement is based on the issue of survival for companies in today’s highly dynamic and competitive business landscape. In other words, a business plan can be used as a roadmap that addresses each need and requirement of an organization in all stages of its operations including the circumstances encountered. It is a tool for individuals within the organization so they can align for the company’s organizational processes and strategies to business objectives, among other goals such as change intervention, crisis management and so forth. In order to do this, however, there is a requirement for sufficient information and analysis on the business environment. The Analysis of the Business Environment A critical stage in business planning is the analysis of the business environment. The idea is that such

Federal Express Performance and Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Federal Express Performance and Strategy - Essay Example â€Å"FedEx has a unique product line because they offer a wide range of services—FedEx Express, FedEx Ground, etc.—in which their customers can get about anything and everything done. FedEx has a diverse and broad customer base, they are not really aiming towards a certain demographic, but a lot of their services are business related†. (Roger, 2006; Greg, 2007) FedEx is really trying to please everyone, from a person in the business industry to a house wife. The services offered allows anyone in the business industry to send packages anywhere around the world so that can improve their business. Their services also allow a house wife or grandmother to send birthday gifts to their families. With all the services that FedEx offers their consumers, it no wonder why they have competition with UPS, DHL, and the United States Postal Service (USPS). â€Å"UPS is a package delivering company and global provider of specialized transportation and logistics services . DHL is a premier global delivery network by trailblazing express shipping from one country to another†. (Chaffey, 2009) USPS is an independent federal agency that provides mail processing and delivery service for individuals and business in the United States. Even with this tough competition, that has not stopped FedEx from expanding their services worldwide and opening head quarters in Hong Kong, China, that will serve all of Asia; Brussels, Belgium, that will bring services to all of Europe; Dubai, United Arab Emirates, that will serve of all the Middle East and Africa; Miami, Florida, that will serve all of the Latin America and the Caribbean1. With all of these international locations and the head quarte rs in America, it is no surprise that today FedEx Express has the world’s largest all-cargo air fleet, and in a 24 hour period those fleets travel nearly 500,000 miles while its couriers log 2.5 million a day, which is equivalent to 100 trips around the world1. (Chaffey,

Improving Process Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Improving Process - Assignment Example According to the report  the statistical representation of Six Sigma describes quantitatively how a process is performing. To achieve Six Sigma, a process must not produce more than 3.4 defects per million opportunities. A Six Sigma defect is defined as anything outside of customer specifications. A Six Sigma opportunity is then the total quantity of chances for a defect. Process sigma can easily be calculated using a Six Sigma calculator.This study highlights that Six Sigma process improvement methodology provides a strong quantitative on process improvements which includes figures for budgets for the process improvement, expected & actual results / ROI of the process improvement project and data based statistical analysis of information which provides a very strong impact in terms of business benefits and value provided. This is a structured process improvement methodology which can be applied to any process or multiple processes at a time to identify improvement opportunities an d implement them in a controlled manner. The tools and techniques defined in Six Sigma Methodology are very comprehensive as well as general purpose and greatly assist in ensuring that all the key aspects of the problem are appropriately analyzed and considered before suggesting a process improvement solution. Stringent gateways or exit criteria for each phase of the Six Sigma Methodology ensure that all the steps are correctly performed and are adequately justified.... Benefits of Six Sigma Methodology for the Banking Process Improvement Project Six Sigma process improvement methodology provides a strong quantitative on process improvements which includes figures for budgets for the process improvement, expected & actual results / ROI of the process improvement project and data based statistical analysis of information which provides a very strong impact in terms of business benefits and value provided. This is a structured process improvement methodology which can be applied to any process or multiple processes at a time to identify improvement opportunities and implement them in a controlled manner. The tools and techniques defined in Six Sigma Methodology are very comprehensive as well as general purpose and greatly assist in ensuring that all the key aspects of the problem are appropriately analyzed and considered before suggesting a process improvement solution. Stringent gateways or exit criteria for each phase of the Six Sigma Methodology ensure that all the steps are correctly performed and are adequately justified. Applying Six Sigma Tools to Banking Process Improvement In case of the banking process improvements scenario, there are two process improvement opportunities for which Six Sigma DMAIC methodology can be applied - Project 1 - To reduce major incidents in banking transactions Project 2 - To improve the customer satisfaction for better service levels In both these cases, following the Six Sigma terminologies we have to define what is an "Opportunity" and "Defect" in each case. Accordingly - Opportunity 1 - Banking Transaction and Defect 1 - Major Incident Opportunity 2 - Customer Service Level and Defect 2 - Service Level For each project, in the "Define" phase, we have to specify the following

How has the global political environment changed over 2010 Research Paper

How has the global political environment changed over 2010 - Research Paper Example The military rulers in Egypt planned to hold transparent democratic elections in a period of six months and thus reached, a series of desired constitutional amendments including the limiting the presidential term in the US style. The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces resolved to enact free democratic system after the demise of Hosni Mubarak. In order to achieve this, the Supreme Council established a panel that would look after the constitutional changes and also resolved to hold free and fair parliamentary and presidential elections following the period of transition. The atmosphere of change originates in the conflict between the militants and protestors that played a fundamental role in ousting Hosni Mubarak. In February, 2011, Moussa was considered by the public as the best candidate to replace Hosni Mubarak after 30 years of his rule because of the immense fame and popularity of Moussa among the public. Army personnel and protestors in Egypt clashed with each other in the vici nity of the Tahrir Square few hours before the announcement of prosposed constitutional changes, Tahrir Square being the location of a successful revolt made by the protesters. Amr Moussa is among the first public figures in the Arab world that favored the Tunisian protestors and has served as a foreign minister in the past. â€Å"I intend to run in the next presidential election, and an [official] announcement will be made at the right time,† (Moussa cited in GlobalPost). The political scenario in Libya has been no less hilarious than Egypt and a series of public protests have also surfaced in Libya in the year 2010. There has been a conflict between the pro-regime and anti-regime forces in Libya each of which has strived to acquire control over Libya. â€Å"Libya’s political dynamics have been characterized by competition among interest groups seeking to influence policy within the confines of the

Ten Socio-Psychological Motivation that can be satisfide by a Tourist Research Paper

Ten Socio-Psychological Motivation that can be satisfide by a Tourist Visiting Fiji - Research Paper Example Tourists are motivated to travel because of different issues. This essay analyses the socio-psychological motivators that make tourists travel to their various destination. Our destination that we will focus on is the country of Fiji and we will indicate how each of these socio-psychological needs is satisfied in the country of Fiji with use of various pictures. 2.0 Republic of Fiji This is an island nation found in South Pacific Ocean. It is located in Melanesia. It is bordered by several countries like Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Tonga and Samoas. It covers an area of 194,000 square kilometres and a population of around 78,000. It is a country with several islands to be estimated to be more than 332 and only 106 are uninhabited. It has abundance of minerals forests and fish resources. One of the main sources of income of the country is tourism industry. It also enjoys a source of foreign exchange from sugar exports. Fiji is renown of its ability to build the finest vessels of pacific. It has four major divisions those are central, eastern, northern and western. They are further divided into 14 provinces (Wright, 1986, pp.6-24). 3.0 Tourism in Fiji Tourism is one of major sectors of an economy of countries that have the capability of and luck of participating in it. Fiji supports tourism industry and is thus growing at a faster rate in terms of the number of people employed in tourism industry of around 45000. It is a private driven sector and contributes approximately 25 percent of GDP of the country. It has several holiday opportunities, beautiful beaches and places that allow tropical romance. It has white sand, pristine reefs, lush rainforest and great accommodation facilities. Individuals have embraced diverse culture although they still preserve their indigenous customs. It has good established airline services like Air Pacific, Air Calin, Air New Zealand, Continental Airlines and several more airstrips (Wright, 1986, pp.6-24). They enjoy a variety of sports activities comprising of rugby, golf and several festivals. They are a mixture of Fijians, Chinese, Indians, colonial Europeans and other pacific islanders. They pra ctice their famous culture of fireworks. They have provided necessary transportation services like buses, cars, ferry services and helicopters for hire. Fiji has beautiful sites to host weddings and honeymoons. They also provide wedding packages. One of the colourful islands for tourists is Vanua Levi and Taveuni located in the northern part of Fiji (Derrick, 1951, pp.112-118). Other eye catching sites to see include Savusavu pearl farm and hot springs, Waisali nature reserve

Global Marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Marketing - Research Paper Example The disposable of waste in the two nations varies hence the preference of the diapers may vary between America and Brazil. US citizens are sensitive to a green environment compared to the Brazilians. Additionally, the market of disposable diapers in Brazil is not vibrant like the US disposable diaper market. The promotion of diapers made in the US rate responsible for the high portion of per capita income spent on the disposable diapers. The US is also sensitive to the welfare of children hence the need for good care for all children. Conversely, the Brazilians are not sensitive to the plight of their children with regard to hygiene and sanitation. The increase in the birth rate in America is another factor, which makes the American market for disposable diapers vibrant. For instance, the 4.5M children are born in the US on an annual basis. This implies that the disposable diaper market must meet the needs of the growing population of children in the US. Additionally, more than 3M people turn 65 years old on annual basis. This implies that the demand for disposable for children and old aged adults is high in the American population. Disposable diapers pricing should not be left to the local managers of Brazil because the market for disposable diapers in Brazil is small. Additionally, of the product should be left to the head office to ensure consistency and compliance to market standards. Pricing of the disposable diapers should coincide with the global trend of the product demand and supply (Nonwovens markets and fiber structures report, 2009). Therefore, the move of leaving pricing to the local managers is not prudent. Moreover, the local cartels are likely to take advantage of decentralization of pricing, which will negatively affect the customer disposable diaper loyalty. The other reason for adoption of global pricing of the disposable diapers is the need for

Honda Swot Essay Example for Free

Honda Swot Essay In 2012, the company owned 42,000 patents and had pending applications for 29,000 more patents. 3. Strong brand image. Honda has a reputation for producing the best quality engines around the world. The company’s brand was the 21st most valuable brand in the world valued at $17 billion and was only behind Toyota, Mercedes-Benz and BMW, according to Interbrand. 4. Motorcycle market share in Asia. In 2012, Honda sold 80. 5% of its motorcycles in Asia, the market that has greatest growth potential. Having the largest motorcycle market share, Honda is well positioned to compete with other companies for the sales and profits. Weaknesses 1. Product recalls. Over 2011 and 2012, Honda recalled more than 1,000,000 vehicles to fix various faulty parts and manufacturing defects. Car recalls severely damages firms brand reputation and future sales. 2. Weak position in Europe automotive market. Honda holds a very weak position in the Europe’s automotive market and has maintained only 1. 1% market share in 2012. Although, Europe’s market share is declining at the moment and many companies experience losses, the market is huge and firms can benefit from the economies of scale. 3. Decreasing sales. In 2012, Honda’s revenue hit the lowest point in 4 years to ? 7. 948 trillion. Honda sales were down by 11. 2% in North America, which represents more than 40% of total Honda revenues. Revenue from Asia and Europe also declined by 21. 3%, 15. 5% respectively, signaling poor firm’s performance globally. Opportunities 1. Increasing fuel prices. Honda’s strong emphasis on engineering fuel-efficient vehicles (Honda Insight and Honda Civic) with flexible fuel, hybrid and hydrogen engines will pay off due to increasing fuel prices. 2. Positive outlook for global motorcycle industry. Motorcycle industry grew by 4. 2% from 2011 to 2012 and is expected to grow by at least 6% to 2016. Honda is the world’s leading producer and seller of the motorcycles having more than 29% of the market share. Growing demand for the motorcycles is a great opportunity for the company to expand its global market share and grow sales. 3. Growing global demand for environment friendly vehicles. The declining levels of fossil fuel sources and the rising CO2 emissions became a major concern for many people and many governments. Therefore, ecologically friendly cars, powered by hybrid, hydrogen or flexible fuel engines became very popular. The market for such cars was $33 billion in 2010. Honda’s focus on hybrid and hydrogen fueled engines is a great opportunity to capture the market share for this new demand. 4. Growth through acquisitions. Honda could greatly benefit from strategic partnerships or acquisitions of smaller competitors. The business would add new brands to its portfolio, achieve greater economies of scale and would benefit from synergies between different firms. Threats 1. Intense competition. Honda faces more intense competition than ever. New small entrants are disrupting the market with their capabilities in producing electric vehicles or alternative fuel engines. Big companies are restructuring themselves to become more efficient. As a result, firms like Honda are suffering from competition from both big and small players. 2. Decreasing fuel prices. Some analysts forecast that future fuel prices will drop due to extraction of shale gas. This would negatively influence Honda because the company is focusing on hydrogen fuel, hybrid and flexible fuel engine cars, which are not so attractive to consumers when fuel prices are low. . Rising raw material prices. Metals are the main raw materials used in vehicle and motorcycle manufacturing and the rising price of the raw metals raises overall production costs for Honda. 4. Natural disasters. Honda has manufacturing facilities in Japan, Thailand, China and Malaysia. These countries, including others, are often subject to natural disasters that disrupt manufacturing in the f acilities and decrease Honda’s production volumes. 5. Strong yen. Honda earns most of its profits outside Japan and appreciating yen poses a great threat to Honda’s profits.

History of the Catholic Church on the death penalty and how it has changed over time Essay Example for Free

History of the Catholic Church on the death penalty and how it has changed over time Essay Whereas the ancient Catholic Church did not have much of a problem with capital punishment, the modern Catholic Church stands resolutely against capital punishment. The stand of the Catholic Church concerning death penalty gives a clear illustration of centuries of tension in addition to uncertainties. However, the Catholic Church with its stern stand has been able to manage all the tensions that emanate from this serious issue. The role of the Catholic Church in the debate concerning death penalty has got a rich history. This paper through qualitative analysis of legitimate websites and published work is going to look at the history of the Catholic Church on the death penalty as well as how it has changed over time. Introduction There are various ways that have been employed by human beings to get rid of evil doers since the inception of the world. The techniques chosen by people to punish perpetrators of violence present the society with great challenges. Death penalty, also referred to as capital punishment, is one of the ways through which evil doers can be punished. Implementation of death penalty has, however, been a controversial issue that has been debated for years without coming to a rational conclusion. The issue of death penalty has been debated for years by the public, religious organizations and professionals without coming to an agreement. The Catholic Church, for example, is one of the religious organizations that have for decades been in the front line in the fight against death penalty. The Catholic Church argues that instead of imposing death penalty, more lenient forms of punishment should be employed (Megivern p, 391). The principle objective of the Catholic Church, as far as death penalty is concerned, is to break the cycle of violence, get rid of the culture of death, and seek justice without revenge. Victims of violence have every right to see perpetrators of such violent deeds face the law, and the public acting out of faith has the mandate to assist the victims of violence in their attempt to come to terms with their condition (Mahony para, 5). It is also the right of the general public to seek justice when laws have been violated, peaceful coexistence gotten rid of, and the rights of human beings violated by a variety of violent acts. The position of the Catholic Church has undergone extensive evolution over the last few decades in calling the public to seek justice rather than revenge (Anon p, 1). The Catholic Church also makes it clear that putting perpetrators to death does not restore the condition as it was before the crime was carried out. The papal authority has constantly called for an end to capital punishment. The Catholic Church under the leadership of the pope issues numerous appeals for clemency for those awaiting punishment by death around the world (Gregory para, 20). History of the Catholic Church on the death penalty and how it has changed over time The history of the utilization of death penalty, as a mode of punishment for evil deeds, is a story that entails exceptional conducts of the human beings stuffed with all sorts of anomalies. It incorporates religious matters and touches on almost all aspects of culture. The deep involvement of the leaders of the Catholic Church in the in the process of approving the deliberate destruction of the lives of human beings has resulted in development of a novel set of complex beliefs and practices that make up a kind of tradition. The early Catholic Church beliefs concerning capital punishment resulted in it being regarded as a different mode of punishment. The Bible, according to Hodgkinson and Schabas, is believed to have been the base on which early Catholic Church beliefs concerning death penalty were shaped (p, 117). Had death not been so clearly signified as an exquisitely ordained penalty for all who committed serious crimes, as it is in the Hebrew Bible, the practice of punishing criminals through death would not have gained the kind of momentum it gained in addition to occupying the central position in the Christian history (Megivern p, 8). The Catholic Church has a rich history of backing up death penalty. In the Vatican city is was death penalty was legal until it was prohibited by Pope Paul VI in the year 1969. The early Catholic Church did not have much of problem with capital punishment (Megivern p, 8). Death penalty, according to Megivern, was taken as an important tool for punishing those who threatened the social and political order (p, 9). This perception has however, changed over the years. There are numerous contradictions when it comes to the teachings and the stand of the Catholic Church on death penalty. Even though it has not been totally eliminated, the scope of capital punishment has been reduced drastically. Whereas the previous pope was totally against death penalty, constantly writing to law makers and judges to get rid of death penalty, in the United States and other developed countries, the official teaching of the Catholic Church makes it clear that capital punishment is not ethically incorrect in all cases. This calls for understanding of the cases where death penalty is an applicable means of punishing wrong doers (Gregory, para, 30). Over the years, â€Å"against the death penalty†, has turned out to be a common phrase among the Catholic Church faithful. Death penalty is treated as a form of intrinsic evil among Catholic Church faithful. The Catholic Church teachings have, over and over, made it clear that human life is sacred due to the fact that human beings were created by God. It is therefore the duty of each and every person to safeguard and defend the human life at all times. Human life according to the Catholic Church is a gift from God, and all people regardless of the social and economic backgrounds are called upon to enhance it. The Catholic Church argues that it is morally wrong to take away the life of another person (Cline para, 2). Nevertheless, the Catholic Church has always protected the government in its development and implementation of policies aimed at getting rid of wrong doers from society. This is why at certain times, in the history of the Catholic Church, Christians have supported capital punishment for certain crimes. However, as the Catholic Church continues growing in wisdom and experience, its teachings result in constant refining of capital punishment (Cline para, 4). The earlier edition of Catholic Church catechism, according not Gregory para, holds onto the traditional teaching of the church concerning death penalty (para, 6). These teachings allowed for the use of death penalty as a way of punishment with intent of protecting public order and defending life. As a result these church teachings redressed the disorder that emanated from the offense. However, the Catholic Church teachings made it clear that bloodless means of punishment should be employed. It also emphasized on the notion that Christians globally are supposed to show mercy and not revenge (Gregory para, 7). In 1997 the Catholic Church revised the section on death penalty. This revision was executed as a result of the changes in the catechetical presentation of the Catholic Church’s moral stand (Gregory para, 8). However, the purpose of death penalty as a means of restoring public order was not part of the revision. The corresponding perception of death penalty as a way of deterring further serious crimes was also minimized. After the 1997 revision of catholic catechism had failed to institute capital punishment as a means of restoring public order, the only reason for deterrent values of death punishment was that it provided protection to human beings against perpetrators (Gregory para, 8). In 2005, John Paul II after consultation with Roman Catholic bishops from all over the world came up with a conclusion that death penalty should only be permitted in cases of utter necessity, when it would be impossible to defend the society through other means of punishment (Gregory para, 10). John Paul II, as indicated by Gregory, pointed out that the world possesses the capacity to protect itself in addition to safeguarding the common good without the need for death penalty (para, 10). The Catholic Church holds onto the fact that various forms of punishment, with the exception of death penalty, have the capacity to protect and defend the safety of the people from perpetrators, and that modern authority is flexible enough to restrict itself to such means. John Paul II advocated for the use of other punishment modalities such as long periods of imprisonment with intent of promoting safety of the public (Gregory para, 14). These means would punish evil doers without necessarily having to kill them. Since the 1980s catholic bishops in the United States have persistently called for an end to the use of capital punishment in the country. They asserted that sanctity of all human life should be respected, innocent life should be protected, justice should be achieved through law and public order should be preserved (Gregory para, 30). The bishops claimed that capital punishment does not aid the main intent of reform due to the fact that the opportunity for a prisoner to reform is eliminated. They also argued that even though death penalty protects society from a particular criminal, who committed a serious crime for which death penalty is prescribed; it does not eliminate chances of similar crimes being committed in the future. Catholic Church leadership argued that communities are not made whole and societies are not strengthened through killing those who commit capital crimes. Death penalty according to the church leadership perpetuates a dangerous cycle of violence that eventually diminishes everyone (Gregory para, 31). In 1999 these bishops made an appeal to prohibit the use of capital punishment and followed it up in 2000 with Responsibility, Rehabilitation and Restoration: A Catholic Perspective on Crime and Criminal Justice Document (Gregory para, 29). This was after Pope John Paul II‘s visit to the United States in 1999. The Pope called for the abolition of death penalty. The Pope challenged the catholic faithful globally to protect the lives of innocent people, in a similar manner to abortion and euthanasia, in addition to protecting the lives of those who may have committed capital crime (Mahony para, 6). In 2005, Catholic bishops revived their fight against death penalty and began educating both Catholics and non-Catholics on the evils associated with death penalty. The American Catholic Church, currently, holds onto the perception that capital punishment under the conditions of the modern American society is not justified in the view of conventional rationale of punishment. Catholic Church leadership in the United States has developed careful guidelines concerning death penalty, which apply the teachings of the universal Church to the American culture. The modern American Catholic Church leadership has expressed its opinion against death penalty (Gregory para, 30). Whereas the ancient Catholic Church allowed for punishment of capital offenders with death, over the last four decades the Catholic Church has come out strongly against state-sponsored capital punishment (Megivern p, 14). This deviation from the Catholic Church teachings, which have been in existence for almost two millennia, is highly likely to provoke disagreement within the ranks of Catholic faithful. Modern Catholic Church leadership, as indicated by Hodgkinson and Schabas, charges that there are numerous flaws associated with the use of capital punishment including racial disparity and economic disproportion that take root in the trials of serious offenders (p, 126). Catholic leadership also makes it clear that chances of wrongly convicting men and women are very high, and therefore death punishment would result in the death of innocent people (Hodgkinson, and Schabas p, 127). Even though the validity of capital punishment has not been totally rejected, the circumstances in which they are approved are so limited that they are virtually impossible. The society is left without an option, rather than stick to the teachings of the Catholic Church. Conclusion  It can therefore be concluded that whereas the ancient Catholic Church did not have much of a problem with capital punishment, the modern Catholic Church stands resolutely against capital punishment. The Bible is believed to have been the base on which early Catholic Church beliefs concerning death penalty were shaped. The Catholic Church has a rich history of backing up death penalty. In the Vatican city is was death penalty was legal until it was prohibited by Pope Paul VI in the year 1969. Death penalty was taken as an important tool for punishing those who threatened the social and political order. This perception has however, changed over the years. The modern Catholic Church leadership has expressed its opinion against death penalty. The Catholic Church teachings make it clear that bloodless means of punishment should be employed. The Catholic Church leadership also asserts that human life is sacred due to the fact that human beings were created by God, and therefore it should be respected.

Infection Control Practices in Nursing Homes

Infection Control Practices in Nursing Homes Introduction Literature review on the infection control practices in the Nursing Homes most particularly in the United Kingdom. It is well known that the elderly population has a substantially increased incidence and severity of many infectious diseases (Hampton, 2003). The student will focus on the infection control and prevention issues most specifically to person- to-person transmission and a little regarding food -borne transmission. In fact, the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 1.5 million nosocomial infections occur in long-term care residents per year, which translates to an average of one infection per resident per year (Williams, 2008). Between February and May 2006 infection control staff across the United Kingdom and Ireland completed the third national survey into health care associated infection. A prevalence rate of 7.6% broadly supports the results that were reported in the first and second national surveys (Cole, 2007). According to Knoll and Lautenschlaeger (2010), the rate of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) is listed for the United Kingdom at approximately 50 thousand cases in every year. Among these are the elderly people, which are the most vulnerable hosts (Aitkenhead, 2009). According to Nazarko (2007b), infection control in UK care homes does not yet receive the same level of scrutiny as in hospitals. People requiring care in nursing homes may have infections, or may be at risk of picking up infection from other people. Staff and visitors may also be at risk since they are the ones who are in direct contact with the clients. As being observed by the student, infections spread rapidly between the residents in the Nursing homes. Standard precautions aim to eliminate sources of infection whenever possible and to prevent the spread of infection (Nazarko, 2007). Controlling the spread of the infection may be difficult for some workers due to lack of education on infection control and prev ention. This is the main reason why the student came up with several sources that may sum up the problems and makes solutions that may be helpful to health personnel. The number of people in care homes will continue to expand as the population ages. Today, according to Hampton (2003), residents in care homes have more complicated medical conditions than they did 5 years ago, as they become even more elderly and the trend continues towards shorter and shorter hospital stays in acute care facilities. This literature review was made by the student to emphasize the importance of compliance of infection control procedures in the care home. The students experiences and knowledge gained from work based studies and broad sources of reading materials greatly contribute in making the substance of this paper. This paper may help readers to gain knowledge on the ideal infection control procedures that applies mainly in the healthcare setting. Common mode of transmission in a nursing home facility Infection control is described by the National Health Service Executive as a managed environment, which minimises the risk of infection to patients, staff and visitors (Health Protection Agency, 2006). Standard precautions are directed towards breaking the chain of infection by preventing the transmission of infection (Cole, 2010). According to El-Kadiki and Sutton (2005), compliance of infection control may provide high quality and safe services among individuals. It may also prevent cross contamination among staff member and may lower the costs of health care services since prevention is more economical than treatment (Eriksen et al, 2007). From the article by Nazarko (2005), the spread of infection within health care requires three elements: 1. a source of infecting organism (bacteria, viruses, and fungi), 2. a susceptible host and, 3.a route of transmission of the organism from one person or site to another. In relation to the nursing home environment, the source may be a resident, a staff member or a visitor. That certain individual may have signs of infection, or may be colonized and does not show any symptoms (Knoll, 2010). The source may also be inanimate objects within the environment that have become contaminated such as equipments. The host is the resident or client that is on the nursing home facility. According to Williams (2008), resistance to pathogenic microorganisms may vary greatly from each individual. Microorganisms can be transmitted by variety of routes and the same organism can be transmitted by more than one routes. According to Cole and Lai (2009), there are common modes of transmission of infecti on in the nursing homes that every staff can prevent by just executing correct infection control procedures. However, the student has chosen the most common types that were being noticed in the workplace. These are 1. Person-to person, 2. Food-borne, and 3. Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs). Cole and Lain (2009) briefly describe person-to person spread as a conveyance of a certain disease condition to another individual. Person-to-person spread of infections may be airborne, faecal-oral, blood-blood or skin-to-skin. The most common infectious diseases the student noticed over the past few months were colds and flu. The spread of the infection to each person was so massive despite flu vaccination several months before the onset. The residents that were affected with the viral infection were treated with several courses of antiviral medications and antibiotics. Aitkenhead (2009) indicated that anti-viral medication is currently under-used for older people in care homes in the UK. Isolation was also done to severely affected residents. According to Cole and Lai (2009), isolation may be done to residents if they acquired infectious or communicable disease; they may also be place on isolation if a certain individual has been suspected of any infectious disease. Despite doing procedure, flu virus was able to spread on few of the residents and staff. False handing or poor infection control procedures must have caused the break in isolating the resident with infection. Food borne infection had also been very common among care homes. With this, according to Ashurst (2007a) on her article, nursing homes and hospitals in the United Kingdom are now subject to strict environmental health inspections to monitor the premises, and making sure that foods that are served are safe for consumption. As being observed by the student in the workplace, all kitchen staffs are handlers of basic food hygiene certificate as part of their induction programme. Kitchen staffs were taught about the principles of food hygiene with emphasis being placed on high standards of personal hygiene, including hand washing. As stated in Ashurst (2007b) in her second article, food safety should never be taken for granted, as people may lost their lives as direct result of the staff failure to follow agreed policies and procedures. This matter is to protect both the residents and staffs from potential harm. Food poisoning, according to Ashurst (2007a), is caused by poor hygiene and, in particular, is caused by the contamination of ready-to-eat food with food poisoning bacteria. From the students basic knowledge, poor temperature control of ready-to-eat food may also cause of bacteria to multiply in large numbers. The best environment for most bacteria to grow and increase in number is a moist environment between 5 °C and 60 °C. This range of temperatures is known as the growth or danger zone (Fisher and Hartshorn, 2005). Undercooking may also cause poisoning since this enables food poisoning bacteria to survive. Hospital acquired infections, according to Gaspard et al (2008), is an infection acquired during hospital care which was not present or incubating prior to admission. Among reported case of nosocomial infections on the students work place, MRSA or Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus is the most common. Common types of person to person infection in Nursing Homes in the UK There have been a number of outbreaks on infection in the Nursing Homes in the UK, according to Nararco (2005). Few of these infective diseases are Flu, gastrointestinal conditions, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and scabies. Wound infections had also been very common in residents, especially those who developed decubitus ulcers or bed sores. Each of these infectious conditions will be discussed by the students. Influenza is defined by Daniell (2004) in his journal article as an acute viral, respiratory infection causing the temperature to rise quickly, with profound malaise, headache, myalgia, congested nose, cough and breathing difficulties. For otherwise healthy individuals, influenza is an unpleasant but usually self-limiting disease; this normally resolves in 7-14 days. Flu continues to cause outbreaks in care homes and in the community (Benison, 2006). The student was able to observe that influenza outbreaks occur readily in elderly care homes. They strike rapidly and are frequently associated with widespread severe illness and deaths. Eleven years ago, According to Nguyen-Van-Tam (2000), in Britain, outbreaks are frequently detected too late in their course when the options for effective intervention are few. Flu vaccinations are being given to staffs and clients during outbreaks. Vaccination against flu must also be given to staffs considering they are exposed in both setting inside and outside the care home. Whilst this cannot be applied to all situations it is advisable in some circumstances. It should always be combined with other infection control efforts however to ensure complete protection. In conjunction with vaccination is post exposure prophylaxis, this is used where vaccines do not exist after contact with infection has occurred (Booker, 2004).  Staff spend a lot often time with residents, and can infect vulnerable residents inadvertently. If staff have flu vaccinations they are very unlikely to bring the flu virus into the home, therefore reducing the risk of older people getting flu (Daniell, 2004). The flu immunization season, which is the beginning of winter season, is a busy time for the nurses but its preventive value cannot be overestimated. If an outbreak of flu does occur, anti-viral medication can be used (Eriksen et al 2007). According to Benison (2006), the combined use of immunization and targeted treatment with antiviral agents can e ffectively control the serious impact of seasonal influenza on vulnerable communities of residents in care. Scottish researchers found that giving flu vaccinations to nursing staff working in nursing homes reduced death rates (Booker, 2004). Flu Vaccination can highly reduce death rates and prevents vulnerable older people who develop flu from becoming increasingly disabled. Second condition that had been known to be very common is gastroenteritis or diarrhoeal problems. According to Ashurst (2007a), this condition is very common and extremely infectious and affects approximately 1 in 5 people are affected by the condition in England every year. In which at least 50% of cases of gastroenteritis are due to  foodborne illness  are caused by  norovirus. This can be acquired from contaminated foods and water. However, this can easily be prevented by frequent and correct execution of hand hygiene since bacteria can be transferred this way through poor hygiene. For example, if someone does not wash their hands after going to the toilet. For this reason, staffs and residents are encouraged to perform hand hygiene after using the bathroom or changing incontinence pads. Any viruses or bacteria on their hands will be transferred to whatever they touch, such as a glass, kitchen utensil or food. As per Doctors recommendation every time a resident experiences this kind of condition, nurses in the workplace, including the manager, must assure that food be properly cooked and stored to prevent gastroenteritis. It has also been encouraged to thoroughly wash both hands before eating and after. Bleaching soiled laundry and household surfaces may also help prevent spreading bacteria caused by gastroenteritis (Parker, 2004). Based on the students observation, Pneumonia has also been common to the clients in the nursing home. According to Booker (2004), pneumonia in nursing and residential care homes may be different from that found in the general population. Mortality is also higher this group. According to Metha (2009), pneumonia vaccine is important since there had been reported outbreaks of pneumonia in unvaccinated clients in some nursing homes within the UK and even in United States of America for people who are aged 65 years and above. According to Roberts (2004), the bacteria that cause pneumonia can become extremely resistant to any types of antibiotics in nursing homes, and when the disease occurs, it can be difficult to treat. As being observed in the workplace, nurses determine new residents vaccination records to determine the need of the vaccine and the risks. As the student involves himself in the caring of residents with Pneumonia, good, general nursing care is vital. Adequate rest had bee n encouraged and smoking- discouraged. The patient may well be agitated and fearful and will need plenty of reassurance. Urinary incontinence is one of the most common and disabling conditions affecting a frail elderly individual (Hampton, 2004); this can also lead to the use of indwelling catheters for some. According to Nazarko (2009), urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common healthcare-acquired infection in the UK. So far, based on the students observation in the workplace, UTI due to long term indwelling catheterization has the highest rate of prevalence and reoccurrence. With the general knowledge the student has, patients should be monitored at regular intervals; communication between carers and relatives should be effective to promote understanding how and why long-term catheters should be maintained. Catheter care is a nursing procedure and its importance is sometimes overlooked. According to Harvey (2007), it should be addressed by education and self-directed learning. Practices such as routine catheter irrigation should be avoided and the NICE guidelines recommend that bladder instill ations or washouts must not be used to prevent catheter associated infection (Brown, 2006). However, if necessary, perform appropriate catheter care and consistently use appropriate infection control guidelines while maintaining a closed drainage system. In the workplace, the use of bubble bath/oils, perfumed soaps and talc around the genitals should be avoided as they break down the bodys natural protective flora. Also, common tradition on the workplace to prevent or treat UTI is to offer cranberry juice to the residents. However, frustratingly, a study of Hampton (2004) concluded that there was no good quality or reliable evidence for the effectiveness of cranberry juice in prevention and treatment of UTI and that more research is needed. It was also confirmed in the study by Harvey (2007) that claims that Cranberry juice, on a daily basis, will not have any effect greater than that water in preventing UTI. If an older person becomes suddenly confused, its not an indication that the elder must be developing Alzheimers Disease (Brown, 2006). It has also been observed by the student in the workplace that some staffs may mistakenly assume that confusion is normal for all older people. Staff seeking advice from a healthcare provider regarding a quick onset of confusion may be surprised if the doctor orders a urine specimen. Actually, a urine specimen is not a bad idea since urinary tract infections are a common cause of delirium in the elderly (Goldrick, 2005). Scabies had also been one of the causes for outbreaks in the UK nursing homes (Nazarko, 2005). This can easily be spread by staffs, relatives, visitors, and residents since close prolonged contact causes the transmission. In this case, the student ensures all staffs must wear gloves and aprons upon dealing with infected individual. The infected individual must also be taken for a bath or shower everyday with the aid of medicated soaps and shampoos. Bed bathing is still a nursing skill that is greatly appreciated by patients but it can be associated with cross-infection. According to Parker (2004), bowls used to bath patients are often stacked inside each other in the sluice and poorly cleaned. Infection control nurses have tried to have this practice changed so that individual bowls are kept at each bed space and cleaned after use. Wound infection had also been one of the most common infections found in the nursing homes. However, as the student able to perceive, it the less common among all of those infective diseases mentioned earlier. There is little information on the development of wound infection within the nursing and residential care settings. Wound infection can be a huge burden on the patient and relatives in terms of pain and suffering, with the added threat of a resultant systemic illness (Russell, 2006). Skin had been considered as the first line of defence. In healthy people it is intact and even if a person has contact with microorganisms, they can be removed by washing. The treatment of wound infection has been and still is a subject which is debated within literature (Timmons, 2003). Based on the students basic understanding, in order to help prevent wound infection in any care setting, it is vital that basic infection control protocols are followed. Correct hand-washing technique is essential to avoid the transfer of bacteria from staff to a resident. As a protocol on the nursing home where the student works, residents with infected wounds should be isolated if possible, and wounds should be reassessed regularly to avoid further complications. The principles of aseptic technique should be followed in order to avoid cross-contamination among residents. Preventing pressure sores in the vulnerable elderly is complex. The literature written by Russel (2006) clearly highlights the importance of early and continual assessment of the individuals risk of pressure sore development and implementation of preventive strategies. As being observed by the student, senior nurses and managers of the home regularly inspect and ensure proper training of the staffs since lack of knowledge is a contributing factor that should be addressed by the provision of education and training so that all staff possess and implement evidence-based practice. This should be supported by strategies to provide guidance on the prevention of pressure sores. Skin care ha d been part of the daily routine for nurses and carers in the nursing home. The skin should be kept clean and dry, perfumed soaps and cleansing agents must be avoided because they cause excessive dryness and irritation (Timmons, 2003). In cases of incontinence or if the area is contaminated with urine or faeces, it is best to wash the area with warm water and pat dry with towels or soft tissues. Impact of poor infection control practice Having robust policies and procedures in place for infection control is fundamentally important. However, each organization has to go a step beyond this (Flanagan, 2009). As care homes fill with increasingly vulnerable elderly, control of infection within long-term care facilities becomes a daunting problem (Cole, 2007), with residents developing similar infections to acute care facility. Elderly patients are at particularly high risk of contracting infection because of reduced innate immunity, malnutrition, and the presence of chronic medical conditions (Roberts, 2004). According to Maudsley (2004), poor infection control practices may lead to common infections such as urinary infection, respiratory infection, and skin and soft tissue infections, resulting in increased costs to the health service, extended durations of care and substantial morbidity. Aside from that, infections acquired by infected residents or individuals may spread to other, which cause a serious problem on contro lling and containing. People requiring care in hospitals, care home clinics, doctors surgeries and their own homes may have an infection or may be at risk of picking up infection from other people (Cole, 2007). Staff and visitors are also at risk of infection. Staffs in a healthcare facility may also be considered as the main transporter of the disease itself. According to Hampton (2003), education in infection control and attention to employee health is essential to enable staff to care appropriately and prevent the spread of infection for todays care home population. Antimicrobial Resistance According to Brown (2006), overuse of antimicrobials may lead to increase resistance in many pathogenic bacteria of viruses. As observed by the student during every consultation, General practitioners usually prescribe oral broad-spectrum agents such as cephalosporins. Although many antibiotics initially prescribed are broad-spectrum, which is capable of killing a wide range of bacterial types, each antibiotic has limited effectiveness against certain types of bacteria (Goldrick, 2005). If an infection does not resolve, the antibiotic being taken may not be compatible with the bacteria causing the infection. Antimicrobials are specific as to the type of organism they work for and they should not be used for a purpose that is different from that for which they were prescribed (Nazarko, 2005). In line with El-kadikis (2005) article, unwarranted use of antimicrobials can partially mask symptoms and delay the exact diagnosis and recovery. Unless directed by the prescriber, antimicrobials should not be administered before the service user has symptoms (prophylactic treatment) because that increases the risk of resistance developing. According to the General Health Protection-Department of Health (2006), nurses must ensure that General practitioners (GP) do not prescribe antibiotics unnecessarily for the residents. It is important that antimicrobials are administered appropriately to ensure successful treatment and reduce the development of resistance. Policies and Procedures According to Nazarko (2007b), there are several policies that the National Health board formulated to implement healthy practice within the care home setting. These policies are implemented in every Nursing Home; as observed, the manager also ensures that these policies and procedures are made available to the staffs for all the time. This may ensure that written policies, procedures and guidance for the prevention and control of infection are implemented. The manager also engages staff throughout the care home to promote and secure the implementation of best practice in the prevention and control of infection. In the nursing homes, there are several infection control procedures. On where the student works, hand hygiene, disinfecting, personal protective equipment, and safe use and disposal of sharps are the very common practices. These practices are beneficial to both the residents and the staff. The practice of these procedures can also be found in the Infection control manuals that are located in all units in the nursing home. As mention on the previous section, the manuals are placed in a certain area of the institution to make it accessible to all the staffs. From the manual, aseptic techniques based from the UK standards were identified. There are 3 aseptic techniques that are commonly identified by the UK healthcare system. These are 1. Hand hygiene, 2. Personal Protective equipment and 3. Safe use and disposal of sharps. The student will discuss briefly on the later part of this essay. Hand Hygiene The most basic aseptic technique found to be the most common is Hand hygiene. On the study made by Knoll and Lautenschlaeger (2010), demonstrates compliance of the staffs in the nursing home with regard to hand hygiene guidelines can be significantly influenced by a number of factors. According to the research article by Rickard (2006), the link between hand hygiene and the infection rate in healthcare establishments is not in doubt. Research articles and reviews have demonstrated the evidence that increased hand-hygiene performance reduces the infection rate. Careful infection-control practice, including frequent hand washing, will remain critical for limiting the spread of infection. Also, very importantly, is the availability of soap, hand towels, disinfectant and disposable cleaning cloths. Infection control is an extremely important aspect of health care. Based on the research by Gould (2001), cold and flu may also be acquired by failing to perform hand hygiene. The cause of the increase of incidence of flu in the nursing homes must be from noncompliance of basic hand hygiene. It was also reported that improper or failure to perform hand washing can cause pneumonia in older people and in people who are diagnosed with chronic illnesses (Stanwell-Smith, 2008). Based on what the student found out, several journals that discuss about the cause infections in the health care setting were mostly from the staffs poor hygiene practices. Although these measures are all important in the prevention of cross-infection, they are not likely to be used appropriately without education and monitoring of hand washing and cleaning practices of all staff. Personal Protective Equipment Infection control is also concerned with personal protective equipment or PPE. Personal protective equipments in the workplace are also used such as disposable gloves and plastic aprons. By definition by Williams (2008), Personal protective equipment or PPE is a specialized protective covering worn by an employee for protection against infectious materials. The use of PPE is essential when working in a healthcare setting. The purpose of PPE is to prevent the worker from coming into contact with infection. Usage of PPE promotes health and safety upon working with clients (Brown and Nay, 2006). From the students basic experience, the most basic principle of infection control based from the infection control manual is to work from clean to dirty. In this instance, this refers to getting in contact with clean body sites or surfaces before touching dirty or heavily contaminated areas. This method prevents any debris from spreading toward the cleaner surface. This principle had been compet ently practiced by the staffs on where the student works. Safe Disposal of Sharps Safe disposal of sharps is the third most practiced infection control procedure in the healthcare setting. Ideally, the contaminated syringe needles, scalpel blades, and other sharp devices should be thrown away in a sharps bin (Aitkenhead, 2009). As being observed by the student, sharps bin are located in a protected room in the nurses station where residents with mental incapacity, such as dementia, will not be able to gain access on the bin. Based on the article by Trim (2004), numerous staffs sustain sharps injury. In his definition, sharps injury is an injury where a sharp material contaminated with body fluids, penetrates the skin. Majority of the sharps injuries are avoidable and happen when they are handled or disposed in an unsafe manner. Aside from these three main techniques to prevent spread of infection in the nursing home, there are some other protocols the students workplace implements. Among these are provision of yellow bins, plastic bags and red hampers. Waste Segregation, Use of Bins, and Laundry Waste segregation had also been part of infection control. According to Conrardy and Hillanbrand (2010), the safe and effective disposal of waste starts with the healthcare professionals or practitioners. Staff in the nursing homes had been instructed to dispose infectious waste such soiled dressings, catheter bags, incontinent bags, etc. in the yellow bin and domestic waste on the black bin. Nappies and incontinence pads however are thrown in black bins. The protocol of pads disposal on where the student works is being followed by staff. Soiled nappies and incontinence pads are being wrapped with plastic bags prior to disposal on the black bin. Aside from that, instructions are given to staffs to be familiar with the waste management policy and procedures for health care waste management. The policies and procedures manual for waste management is accessible to everybody as it is together with the infection control manual. According to Ashurst (2010), it is part of the Care Quality Commissions responsibilities to ensure that care homes meet the requirements of the national agenda for infection prevention and control; this includes monitoring laundry facilities. Based on the practice on where the student works, soiled linens are placed on a special kind of bag before placing in to red hampers. Dirty linens are being handled with extra care paid to the potential spread of infection. It is also stated on the manual that gloves and disposable plastic apron should be worn upon handling of soiled garments. It is impossible to avoid all contact with infected tissue or potentially contaminated body fluids, excreta, and secretions. Appropriate barriers such as gloves should be used when handling potentially contaminated linen followed by hand hygiene after removal of the gloves. If a certain material is reusable, transmission of infective agents is prevented by cleaning and by appropriate disinfection or steril ization. All staffs have a responsibility to prevent and control the spread of any infection that may threaten a care home with vulnerable older people in residence. Laundry services also have the potential to set a positive impression for visitors. Staffs working tirelessly behind the scenes in the laundry are sometimes in danger of being forgotten, so their major role in ensuring safety through infection control and securing the homes reputation must be acknowledged. It is not just about utilising the most efficient chemicals and cleaning solutions in order to prevent infection. The training of staff can also be seen as an important preventative measure. If workers can understand and appreciate the issues concerned with infection control and management it is more likely they will follow procedures. Application to Practice It is not just prevention that makes up infection control, the process of surveillance and investigation can also be involved. Fundamentally this is the detection of infection origins and symptoms in order to develop efficient preventative measures. The student has gathered information regarding infection control and may also be helpful to some staffs, residents, and even relatives. On the recent learning that the student was able to gain upon the composition of this paper, he may be able to share the knowledge regarding infection control towards other staffs, especially those who involve in direct care to the clients. Ideal procedures and latest evidence-based practices may also be implemented when students knowledge will be shared. The basis of infection prevention and control is the attention to hygiene. Microorganisms can be found everywhere and the cleanliness of individuals, equipment and the environment is essential in reducing the risk of infection. Paying attention to the ba sics of nursing practice such as bed bathing, oral hygiene, nutrition and elimination is not only part of the caring aspect of nursing, but also necessary for preventing cross-infection. The Infection Control Nurses Association devised a tool to determine of certain. According to the NHS Chief Medical director, Mr. Donalson (2005), this infection control audit tool for primary and community care settings builds on previous work for acute Trusts and provides a standardised method for monitoring both clinical practice and the environment. The feedback may enable the staff to know and systematically identify the points where improvement is greatly needed. Thus, enables them to give minimize infection and give quality care for the residents. However, this type of tool was never implemented by the manager on where the student works. Perhaps, knowing the existence of this tool may be very helpful to the company when introduced

Advocating The Death Penalty :: essays research papers fc

Advocating the Death Penalty Thousands of people will attack the death penalty. They will give emotional speeches about the one innocent man or woman who might accidentally get an execution sentence. However, all of these people are forgetting one crucial element. They are forgetting the thousands of victims who die every year by the hands of heartless murderers. There are more murderers out there than people who are wrongly convicted, and that is what we must remember. I, as well as many others, have total confidence in the death penalty. It is a very beneficial component of our justice system. The death penalty saves lives. It saves lives because it stops those who murder from ever murdering again. It also deters potential murderers from ever committing the crime. Unfortunately, the death penalty is currently used so rarely that it isn’t nearly as effective as it could be. In order for it to work, we must put it into practice more often. In recent years, crime in America has been on the rise, in particular, violent crime. This has led not only to an overcrowding of prisons in our country, but also to an increase in the number of death sentences handed down by the courts. Despite the fact that the number of inmates on death row is climbing, the number of death sentences actually carried out in any given year lags far behind. People simply aren’t fearful of the death penalty when it isn’t used the way it should be (Stewart 50). If the death penalty has been declared legal, then the federal and state governments must employ it to its fullest as a means of stopping previous murderers from recommitting their crimes. Since most of the prisoners on death row are there for murder, executing them would ensure that they would never kill again. Obsessive murderers, who know no alternative to killing, need to be executed to protect both prison guards and society. This view is perhaps best illustrated through the words of Judge Alfred J. Talley of New York who explained â€Å"If I as an individual have the right to kill in self defense, why has not the state, which is nothing more than an aggregation of individuals, the same right to defend itself against unjust aggression and unjust attack?† (Kaplan 28) About two and a half years ago, my dear cousin, Jaime, became the first victim of a serial killer named Brian Duffy.

The Tunnel Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

The Tunnel My unforgettable senior football season was coming to a close. The whole team knew that this was the last game of football we would ever play together. After this game, it would never be the same. I had been waiting my whole life to experience what I was about to face in the next few hours. To me, and to the rest of my hometown, high school football isn’t just a game; it is a lifelong passion. I grew up watching my role models play the same game I was about to play where the football-frenzied town of Mahnomen won four state championships in a row. Since the seventh grade, my team was expected to make it to the state play-offs our senior year, and now we were playing for the state tittle. We didn’t have anybody extremely fast, strong, or even smart on our team. In fact, no senior would go on to participate in college football. We were just a few guys that would never give up no matter what the circumstances. Those guys were my team, like I was the one leading them all into a battle field, even though that was the feeling of half the other guys. My team had been nicknamed â€Å"The Cardiac Kids† because of our ability to pull out a victory by one point, which we had done in six games that season. Critics thought a team that could only squeak out so many victories by one point was bound to lose their composure in the play-offs. Throughout the season we had worked towards becoming the team we now were. We were proud of how far we had gotten. The only thing left to do was to play our hardest and to see how well we matched up against the best team in the state. All of this led up to the moment of the State Championship Game. From the locker room, we walked into the dark tunnel leading to the nervous light of The M... ...at is he didn’t like how he wrote about things he didn’t know about, when he could have been writing about important things that were happening to him because he did know about them. This makes me see the importance of my paper better. I also changed some things around in the paper. As you can imagine, when Dr. Morgan criticized writing about â€Å"The Big Game† I was like, â€Å"Oh Crap, now I have to write it all over again.† As you can see, I decided to stay with my original idea, but just focus on it at a different point. Instead of telling what happened, I focus more on why it affected me. Like when I wrote, †Because of what I learned that moment, I will be able to see when teamwork is needed and how to pursue it. You might not think that this is such an important quality, but this connects with me every day of my life.† I think this helps fit the assignment better.

Who? - Original Writing :: Papers

Who? - Original Writing It seemed like an ordinary night. The soft whine of the wind echoed throughout the vast hall. The lifeless portraits, on the walls, stared gloomily at the centre of the room looking for movement. The distant moon shone down through the skylight flooding the smooth marble floor with moonlight. Suddenly a â€Å"click† popped out of the darkness, and then the old rusted basement door creaked open. A tall man stood in the doorway; he wore worn blue jeans and a brown leather jacket which had faded with age. He had short jet-black hair and small green eagle like eyes. In his right hand he held a newspaper, the headline read â€Å"Baffling Bodies in Bristol,† in his left he held a radio. He slowly scanned across before he eventually entered. A voice suddenly escaped from the radio and echoed off the walls â€Å"Hello, Trevor did you find it then?† Trevor held the radio up to his mouth and whispered â€Å"No, you must have left it somewhere else.† He continued to make his way across the room, â€Å"Okay, thanks for looking anyway,† came the reply. Trevor placed the chunky radio into his back pocket and headed toward a door labelled â€Å"Security.† Suddenly there was a great â€Å"BOOM,† from outside. Trevor jumped out of his skin. His heart was pounding like a drum. He leant against the wall and took a deep breath. â€Å"Calm down it’s only a bit of thunder,† he muttered to himself â€Å"get you together.† He took another deep breath and then exited through the nearby door. The security room was very dimly lit. Two rusted lockers stood against the faded brown wall next to an old office. A pile of small monitors sat on the desk next to a miniature black lamp. Trevor sat down on one of the wooden chairs next the desk; he placed the newspaper and radio on its scratched surface. He then took a pack of cigarettes and a lighter out of his jacket pocket. He placed a cigarette between his lips and lit the end; he inhaled then blew a poisonous cloud of smoke

How does Stevenson use the specific technique to explore the idea of good and evil? Essay

In this essay I will explore how good and evil is presented in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde written by Robert Louis Stevenson. At the age 35, Stevenson produced his masterpiece. It is very rare for a novel so old to be still commonly read now. This shows just how well written this novel is. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is a story about an enthusiastic scientist fascinated with life and death. Curious about human life, Jekyll is determined to change his physical appearance/personality. After successfully engineering his own physical appearance, people are shocked, appalled and astonished at the outcome of it. Stevenson was born on November 13, 1850 in Edinburgh. He was from a prosperous family, containing members of the legal professions and ministers of the church. His nanny and a nurse called Alison Cunningham taught Stevenson about good and evil. Good and evil and her taught influenced him to write Dr.Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Jekyll is a scientist/doctor who covered up the secret of life full of cruel accomplishment. He feels that he is battling with himself between what is good and what is evil. In chapter 9 after drinking the potion the respectable Jekyll transform himself to younger, cruller and barbarous Mr. Hyde. Dr.Jekyll has many friends and friendly personality but Mr. Hyde has not. He becomes mysterious, secretive and violent. Mr. Hyde grows in power as the time goes by, he takes the potion again and he is no longer confident letting go of his evil side. Religion and science were two dominant forces during Stevenson’s time. The rapid development of science caused controversy throughout the churches man was questioning religion and it is trustworthiness. I believe that Stevenson was trying to demonstrate this in the novel. An eager, apprehensive doctor was delving in to the realm of unknown. Transforming a life is no simple everyday experiment meddling with the power of God can have serious consequences. In Jekyll’s the consequences were fatal. Jekyll’s love of doing experiments and being evil caused the death of innocent people and his eventual demise. Perhaps Stevenson was trying to prove that being evil must have its limitation. Even knowledge has its boundaries. I came to believe that Stevenson was trying to pass the message to people that there is light and dark in all mankind and he wrote Dr.Jekyll and Mr. Hyde to portray his emotions that he thought about good and evil. In this way Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde story is the same, as Macbeth who wants to be a czar and famous forever or also them both wants to be as powerful as god is. But they both are failure, not successful, they cannot be gods. Now I am going to examine how the specific techniques that are used to explore the idea of good and evil. In the Victorian times London was city of poverty, disease and desperation. At the same time London was a city of crime, where theft or violent assault happened either in early hours of the morning or late at night. In the novel of Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Places are used as a metaphor to show apprehension, uncertainty and enthusiasm. In the Novel of Dr.Jekyll and Mr. Hyde the Buildings is described as ‘Sinister block’ to give us an image of Jekyll’s building describing it as vile, nasty and a terrible place to be and live in. When Stevenson was writing Jekyll and Hyde, lots of crime was happening in London. ‘London was startled by a crime of singular ferocity’ this quotation suggests that a vicious criminal activities were happening in London, one eminent murderer at the time was jack the ripper, a serial murderer who murdered prostitutes during the night time. The area where Mr. Hyde lived were dingy and crowded at night it was the kind of place where you would meet beggars, hobos and criminals ‘The dismal quarter of Soho’ indicates that he did lived in a Dodgy area which was not very nice, and Stevenson mention this to display how dangerous it could be for some ordinary people . Moreover I think one of the reasons why Robert Louis Stevenson describes the places such as this in detailed is because at the time there was no TV or cinema and people would have to see the places from Stevenson’s description. London is described as one of the most atrocious city `like a district of some city in a nightmare` Stevenson is comparing London city to a nightmare and giving his audience an image of old, offended and an extremely obnoxious place to imagine with. In the novel of Dr.Jekyll and Mr. Hyde weather is used to create a chaotic and evil atmosphere to emphasis something very surprising is going to happen ‘Fog rolled over the city, night was cloudless†¦ but the wind was continually changing†¦ it was a wild, cold, seasonable night of March’ this quotation suggest that heavy mist was in London, night was bright but the wind was constantly wavering. And also in this quotation Stevenson is using ferociousness of the weather to show sign of Danger and create an evil atmosphere to grab the reader’s attention and change its readers mind. Further more it tell us that something hideous is awaiting and going to happen and that can be sign of ‘Jack the ripper’ Murdering a prostitute. In Dr.Jekyll and Mr Hyde Satan is recognized as a symbol of ultimate evil. Mankind’s reaction to temptation has been revealed to us in the Adam and Eve story. In the novel Stevenson was trying to compare Satan to Mr. Hyde by saying that he has ‘Satan signature’ which means that he has similar attitude, style and has all the ingredients in a way for him to be a Satan, Stevenson is trying to explore how bad some individuals can be. Stevenson explores how Dr.Jekyll is going to transform himself in to Hyde. He also tell us what Jekyll is to say about himself before being transformed† He thanked me with smiling nod, measured out a few minims of the red tincture and added on of the powder† He says that he always wanted to do what he loved mostly doing experiment which shows he is happy with himself and doesn’t care about what other people think about him when they sees him. I think this is a magnificent example from Stevenson exploring that no one is born evil; however they are transformed in to a brutal person. The Victorians believed that animals were a lower form of life and man was superior to animals. In the novel Mr. Hyde is compared to a beast and in Victorians view he is lower than man and they thinks that he should be excluded from their society. â€Å"Great flame of anger, stamping with his foot, brandishing the cane and carrying on-as the maid described it — like a madman† this quotation suggest that he is trampling his victims under foot and Stevenson displays him like a beast, unwanted, and portray him like a dog. Furthermore this quotation suggests that beast cannot be a form of their society because Victorians were strong fundamentally religious. When Stevenson was nine years old Charles Darwin published ‘The origin of species’ introducing theory of evolution. Many people saw this as an attack on religion because it is impossible to believe that God created the universe in seven days. A lot of people in the Victorian era came to believe that they had to chose between the two, but some people thought that science had become dangerous and was interfering in the matter which only God had control over. Stevenson describes character of Mr. Hyde immoral, because he trampled on a girl and clubbed an old man to death is significant because they are the most vulnerable people in society and so it is especially atrocious. The effect of Mr. Hyde in the other characters is disgraceful, outrageous and unbelievably terrifying. One day when Utterson and Enfield was walking they past Jekyll’s window, as they have not seen him in for a long time and his facial expression terrify them. His expression change to †abject terror and despair† Enfield and Utterson both describes him as dreadful, hopelessness and monstrous human being that other human are scared of him. Dr Lanyon become seriously ill and dies as result of seeing Jekyll transform into Hyde in front of his eyes. In here the readers view change about science and also they might start to acknowledge the fatal consequences of science and its effectiveness to mankind. And Mr. Hyde actions reveal that how bad some individual can be? His life is †shaken to its roots† this quotations suggest that he (Utterson) is horrendously scared to death. Other character like Dr. Lanyon and Utterson is described as good Because I strongly believe that Stevenson is trying to pass the message to people that we can be good or evil, it is our choice, but he is also trying to pass the message to people that in reality being good known its foundation, but being evil not, so Stevenson in sensibility is trying to say being evil should known its disadvantages. Mr Hyde is described as †Solid reliable yet full of contradictions† which means he says something but does something else completely strange and unusual and embarrassing. He is not completely evil neither he is good. In my opinion Stevenson is trying to portray many of his personal views in this novel. His thoughts on how society can turn an innocent person into a cruel vicious person are imperative in the novel Jekyll and Hyde. I believe that due to mass rejection and overall prejudice shown. Stevenson is trying is to prove that no one is born evil; how ever they are turned in to a creature of appalling nature by their respective surroundings. In conclusion I think that Stevenson was really successful in using specific technique to explore the ideas of evil. Characters like Utterson were described as `large, well made, smooth faced man` in the novel. He is a good lawyer and well respected in the community, I think Stevenson uses him to represent the rational lives of Victorians and may also express that weren’t all people in Victorians era bad like Mr. Hyde but there were mostly well respected, like Mr.Utterson a truly amiable man indeed . When Utterson think about Mr. Hyde he says â€Å"If he be Mr. Hyde, I shall be Mr. Seek.† Which I think is very clever and funny, clever because ones he catch Mr. Hyde he might call the police to take him away. Funny `cause they are like want to play a game. Describing Mr. Hyde as ugly, deformed, small, dissipate and hairy in the novel, I think Stevenson was trying to reveal dark side of a person to its Victorian audience, saying everything is unpleasant about Hyde. when Mr. Hyde murders sir Danvers crew an important member of parliament at the time, after that he roughly wanted to change himself, avoid using anymore violence, stops killing other innocent people but can’t because the power of science seem too strong for him and he realizes that he is battling between himself in trying to freeze his evil side behind but it seem impossible to transform back to his friendly and entrusted character which was the dignified Mr. Jekyll and I think this is one of the most remarkable techniques but adequately true at the same time used by Stevenson to answer the Victorians question about Charles Darwin’s ideas that human’s had a dual nature and ones they get in to their evil habit they can’t change it and it look like Dr.Jekyll would be Mr. Hyde permanently. Stevenson is using Charles Darwin idea to express his own idea about science. He is saying that scientists (Jekyll) who play with the nature have to understand what they do that affect people’s life’s, they had to be responsible and make sure they are not harmed. Robert Louis Stevenson used Mr. Hyde in this novel to personify many of his feeling and thoughts. The downfall of the Dr.Jekyll from an intelligent and caring being to a homicidal beast shows just how society can play a part turning someone in to a real individual. I thought that Stevenson has successfully achieved his aims in clarifying the commingled of human being. Overall I thought, evil is explored using many different devices. Stevenson creates an evil atmosphere using the weather to set the scene. He uses animal imagery- like descriptions for Hyde to show that nothing that evil can be human. However, evil is not always so distant from good as Dr. Jekyll was a combination of both.

Conflict Resolution Assignment

Finally they do the aforesaid(prenominal) job at that placefore there s a possibility of pass awayplace contest causing affair. Although the most obvious chump of the mesh is the argument between the colleagues there may wealthy person been signs before this. unfortunately there is non enough accent information given about the history, except it could be specu modernd that some atomic number 53 could have left(a) the contribution before lav and whence was unhappy in their role and relationships at motion. I would hope as a manager would have been able to break and judge this conflict before it got to this stage. thus far the role magnate similarly be new, if this is the guinea pig Mike eight be utilize to training on his own and hence might feel he does non need any help. This could have include a meeting that turns into a stand- false or angry emails to from each one some former(a). However due to Mikes personality the conflict could have been harder to dis stretch out for suit, Mike have reclusive from contact with legerdemain however from lavatory perspective this is normal behavior from Mike. any(prenominal) change from normal behavior could be a sign of conflict or an let out therefore would consider this as a sign.Sign of conflict When John lastly appears, Mike tells him hes not going to cover for IM anymore and there is an argument. The cost of this conflict might already be winning place through a red of productively, motivation and them not go forthing to work for each former(a). John stating Just do your Job could be a sign this is already hipping. Dealing with employee conflict in a timely manner is important to maintaining a healthy work environment preventing the line go farting worse resulting in stave sickness or even one member of staff leaving.By spotting signs of conflict early, you have a better misadventure of identifying the cause, reaching an agreement, resolving the conflict. It is important to p iling with the authority or else than the person, be a calming presence and that you try to lay down mutual respect and correspondence between Mike and John. Being courteous to each of them and remain constructive. Sometimes it might be better to speak to them separately to get the facts before exploring the options together and negotiate how they atomic number 18 to work together.Through this process active auditory modality is important to perceive both Johns and Mikes daub as well as them understanding each others. My role would be to Restate, paraphrase, summarize. This communicatory rise is called the Interest-Based Relational (FIR) Approach. This will be particularly important in John and Mikes situation because it respects individual differences and focuses on the mutual problem rather than the person. It is important look at the circumstances, and bring forward about the style that may be appropriate.Then use a process to resolve the conflict. The Thomas-Killing Conflict Resolution methodl could be used to do this. It is important understand a persons natural style. From the information in the narrative John is likely to scoop a competing cash advance this is assertive and uncooperative an individual pursues his own concerns at the other persons expense. This greet is unlikely to be efficient for John to use because it is a power-oriented mode where John holds no rank. However it is an shape up that could take as a centre of attention manager with supervision responsibilities.This is not an approach I would initially take, but could do if other methods fail. The other approach could be to be accommodating, the individual neglects his own concerns to receive the concerns of the other person. If any of the caller did this it is not likely to resolve the bug out. The accommodating party might feel the situation has not been dealt with and the conflict still remain. Mike had been Avoiding the issue for a while which had caused anger to relieve oneself up and the argument to erupt.If took the same approach due to the differences in honour and personalities they atomic number 18 not likely to resolve the issue themselves and the problem is not likely to go away. A more appropriate approach might be to collaborate to work with others to find a solution that to the full satisfies their concerns. For example Fijian arrives late John might agree to stay on later. The final option could be to compromise. For example an agreement might be do where John arriving 5 minutes late is not an issue, but John might agree not to arrive 20 minutes late.Thus finding a diaphragm ground. Having an open discussion with Mike and John might help identify other problems that need to be resolved, but also promote understanding and motivate them to work more efficiently. It is important to keep a close eye on the situation including having formal one to one meetings, receiving feedback from other employees, but also ensuing they va lue each others difference to the extent they terminate work with each other jeopardize to improve the work environment and the deed of the business.