Homosexuality Must be Discussed in American Elementary Schools Essay

Wherever it has been established that it is shamefulto be involved in homosexual relationships, this is due to malefic on the part of legislators, to despotism on the part ofthe rules, and to cowardice on the part of the governed.-PlatoSociety is currently arguing over how to address the issue of strength against homosexuals. Many educators and activists suggest that the educational systems nationwide address the issues of sexual orientation in classrooms to combat stereotypes and myths that lead to violence against homosexuals. Within this debate, there is controversy round when to deploy educational stratagems regarding sexual orientation. In order to productively dispel stereotypes, it is necessary that get over issues be implemented into the elementary direct curriculum. In considering the rise to power of queer issues into elementary education this paper includes a definition of queer issues. A discussion of why queer issues must be taught follows its explanation. In addit ion, arguments against queer education are looked at and refuted. Finally, ways to implement queer education into elementary school curricula are discussed. In reading over the following learning it is imperative to keep in mind that the goal in including queer issues in education is that students recognize diversity in their fellowship, culture, and classroom as headspring as accept and appreciate these differences.WHAT ARE QUEER ISSUES?Before teaching about queer issues it is important to define exactly what these issues are. Queer issues encompass topics, concerns, and questions relating to the GLBITTQ (Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Intersexual, Transsexual, Transgendered, and Queer) community. It is these aspects of the GLBITTQ community that are the fo... ...7.Richardson, D. (1998). Sexuality and citizenship. Sociology, 32, 83-100.Rofes, E. (1995). Making schools safe for sissies. Rethinking Schools, 9, 8-9. Available through ACADEMIC SEARCH PREMIER.Savin-Williams, R. C. (1994). Verbal and physical assault as stressors in the lives of lesbian, gay male, and bisexual youths Associations with school problems, running away, substance abuse, prostitution and suicide. Journal of Consultation and Clinical Psychology, 62, 261-269.Sears, J. T. (1999). Teaching queerly Some elementary propositions. In W. J. Letts IV & J. T. Sears (Eds.), Queering elementary education (pp. 3-14). Lanham Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.Weeks, J. (2000). The contend of Lesbian and Gay Studies. In T. Sandfort, J. Schuyf, J. W. Duyvendak, & J. Weeks (Eds.), Lesbian and gay studies (pp. 1-13). London SAGE Publications.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

The book To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee contain a very engage family who are the Cunninghams. The Cunninghams are very poor they are people who live in the woods. They are a family who depend highly on crops. Walter Cunningham, the father of the family has to work elusive on the cultivation of crops because crops is the only form of wages for them. The Cunninghams have no money. Their only way to survive is through paying others with their crops. The Cunninghams are not principal(prenominal) characters in the book, scarcely they are characters who brought out other characters personality. Harper Lee displays that there is a lot of prejudice going on in Maycomb by place the Cunninghams in the book. "The Cunninghams were country folks, farmers"(21) who are very honest people in Maycomb, they "never took anything they could not pay back"(23), but they are unfairly mistreated by part of the society in Maycomb. The Cunninghams are very poor people, but very hone st as well. The Cunninghams have no money at all, as Scout was describing them, "they have probably never chatn three quarters together at the same time in their life"(23). It is certain that the Cunninghams live a poor life, but that does not stop them from being honest. The Cunninghams do not take anything from anyone if they do not have a way to repay them. In the class when Ms.Caroline was giving Walter a coin, Walter did not take it because he knew that it was impossible to reimburse her. I judged that it is really mature for a child to act that way. I also admired how the Cunninghams were able to endure by giving crops to people as a form of payment. When Atticus helps Sr.Walter with his entailment, Walter does not pay him back with money, but with crops.The Cunninghams are mistreated by part of the society in Maycomb. Aunt Alexandra, who mistreats them the most, is prejudiced toward the Cunninghams, she does not like them. She thinks that her reputation, and social s tatus are going to be stained if Scout plays with Walter Jr.. Scout wants to invite Walter over, but Aunt Alexandra does not like Walter, she says that they are folks from different class. She thinks it is best if they do not see each other. She once talks to Scout about how different they are, "Because - he - is - trash, thats why you cant play with him.

Educational Goals and Philosophy :: School Teaching Learning Essays

Educational Goals and Philosophy I feel that education is the most important thing in a childs life. From Kindergarten through steep school, nothing has the impact like schooling. Whether it be their friends or enemies or instructors and principals, everything about it, both good and bad, go away determine who that person will be. That is why I want to be a teacher. Many students, particularly high school students, lack a positive role model. Most teachers are either completely out of touch with students or live a lifestyle that the students should not emulate. I am close enough in age to be in touch with the students I am teaching, and I would be a positive role model. Over time, my ability to connect with the students will likely diminish, but maintaining it as much as possible will be my goal. Another reason I decided to enter the profession is due to the subject I will be teaching, social studies. The core subjects in social studies, history, p sychology, and civics, are often taught improperly or not taught at all, by which I mean the teacher serves as more of a baby-sitter than a teacher. Teachers in the subjects who do bother to teach it often do it in a strictly bawl out style with little if any classroom participation. In history this is understandable, although there can be some participation. In my opinion, the reason for the lack of knowledge in civics and psychology can be explained by the fact that students are only supposed to digest the information rather than participate in a sneer government in civics or open discussions in psychology. I think it is important that a teacher incorporate as many teaching styles as possible. One thing that my classroom will have that most classrooms do not is visuals and technology. It is more difficult for students to forget something if they have a concrete retrospection of it rather than just what the teacher said. I will take advantage of many promotional offers from networks such as C-SPAN that offer educational items for discounted prices or compensate free to educators.

Sentence Structure :: essays research papers

In low-level Clause (IC)An unconditional clause is a company of words that contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought. An free clause is a sentence. Example Jim canvass in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz. (IC) low-level Clause (DC)A mutualist clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought. A dependent clause cannot be a sentence. Often a dependent clause is marked by a dependent marker word. Example When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz . . . (DC)Dependent Marker Word (DM)A dependent marker word is a word added to the beginning of an fissiparous clause that makes it into a dependent clause. Example When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz, it was very noisy. (DM)Some common dependent markers are after, although, as, as if, because, before, even if, even though, if, in order to, since, though, unless, until, whatever, when, whenever, whether, and while.Connecting d ependent and independent clausesThere are two types of words that can be utilize as connectors at the beginning of an independent clause coordinating conjunctions and independent marker words. 1. Coordinating Conjunction (CC)The seven coordinating conjunctions used as connecting words at the beginning of an independent clause are and, but, for, or, nor, so, and yet. When the second independent clause in a sentence begins with a coordinating conjunction, a comma is needed before the coordinating conjunction Example Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz, but it was hard to concentrate because of the noise. (CC)2. Independent Marker Word (IM)An independent marker word is a connecting word used at the beginning of an independent clause. These words can always begin a sentence that can stand alone. When the second independent clause in a sentence has an independent marker word, a semicolon is needed before the independent marker word. Example Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz however, it was hard to concentrate because of the noise. (IM)Some common independent markers are also, consequently, furthermore, however, moreover, nevertheless, and therefore.Proper Punctuation MethodsThis table gives some examples of ways to combine independent and dependent clauses and shows how to punctuate them properly. IC. IC.I went to the store. I didnt buy any bread.IC IC.I went to the store I didnt buy any bread.IC, CC IC.I went to the store, but I didnt buy any bread.

Serotonin & Depression :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Serotonin & DepressionIn the brainstem, the most primitive part of the brain, lie clusters of serotonin neurons. The nerve fiber terminals of the serot whizrgic neurons extend on the whole throughout the central nervous dodge from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. This neurotransmitter is responsible for controlling fundamental physiologic aspects of the body. In the central nervous system (CNS), serotonin has widespread and often profound implications, including a role in sleep, appetite, memory, learning, temperature regulation, mood, sexual behavior, cardiovascular function, muscle contraction, and endocrine regulation. Not only does this bioamine control physiological aspects of the body, but it also has an involvement in behaviors like eating, sleeping and aggression. Serotonin has been noted to produce an inhibitory effect on the nervous system that calms, soothes and generates feelings of ecumenic contentment and satiation. Not surprisingly, serotonin is implicated in a broad range of serotonin disorders like depression, schizophrenia, and Parkinsons disease (3).. Serotonin deficiencies have been one of the factors to blame for ailments such as anorexia, bulimia, obsessive compulsive disorders, migraines, social phobias and schizophrenia. (9). (12). I am not taking a stance that serotonin has its hand in all of these different pots, but after the research that I have completed for this paper, I feel comfortable talking about serotonin in reference to depression. No one can say for certain what exactly causes depression. But in this paper, I hope to give further insight into serotonins proper(postnominal) role as a possible predeterminant for major depression and some hopes for those suffering from this illness. Approximately 5% of the United States population experiences a depressive episode that requires psychopharmacological treatment in any one year, 10-12 million Americans are affected by depression, with the condition twice as common in fe males than in males. It has been estimated that 15% of patients hospitalized for depression will commit suicide. These figures are incredible, so finding the root of the problem when it comes to depression is extremely important. Alterations in serotonin metabolism may be an important factor in the etiology and treatment of depression. (7). Although historically depression has been considered a character condition, evidence has accumulated suggesting the role of a biological substrate, namely serotonin, in subgroups of depressed patients. This accumulated evidence supports the indoleamine hypothesis of depression, which suggests that major depression results from a deficiency of available serotonin or inefficient serotonin. (16). We see that depletions of serotonin from certain regions of the brain such as the hypothalamus, amygdala, and cortical areas involved in cognition and other high processes, can have a great blow in contributing to depression.

Serotonin & Depression :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Serotonin & DepressionIn the brainstem, the most primitive part of the brain, lie clusters of serotonin neurons. The nerve fiber terminals of the serot nonpareilrgic neurons extend altogether throughout the central nervous arrangement from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. This neurotransmitter is responsible for controlling fundamental physiologic aspects of the body. In the central nervous system (CNS), serotonin has widespread and often profound implications, including a role in sleep, appetite, memory, learning, temperature regulation, mood, sexual behavior, cardiovascular function, muscle contraction, and endocrine regulation. Not only does this bioamine control physiological aspects of the body, but it also has an involvement in behaviors like eating, sleeping and aggression. Serotonin has been noted to produce an inhibitory effect on the nervous system that calms, soothes and generates feelings of oecumenic contentment and satiation. Not surprisingly, serotonin is imp licated in a broad range of serotonin disorders like depression, schizophrenia, and Parkinsons disease (3).. Serotonin deficiencies have been one of the factors to blame for ailments such as anorexia, bulimia, obsessive compulsive disorders, migraines, social phobias and schizophrenia. (9). (12). I am not taking a stance that serotonin has its hand in all of these different pots, but after the research that I have completed for this paper, I feel comfortable talking about serotonin in reference to depression. No one can say for certain what exactly causes depression. But in this paper, I hope to give further insight into serotonins specialised role as a possible predeterminant for major depression and some hopes for those suffering from this illness. Approximately 5% of the United States population experiences a depressive episode that requires psychopharmacological treatment in any one year, 10-12 million Americans are affected by depression, with the condition twice as common in females than in males. It has been estimated that 15% of patients hospitalized for depression will commit suicide. These figures are incredible, so finding the root of the problem when it comes to depression is extremely important. Alterations in serotonin metabolism may be an important factor in the etiology and treatment of depression. (7). Although historically depression has been considered a character condition, evidence has accumulated suggesting the role of a biological substrate, that is to say serotonin, in subgroups of depressed patients. This accumulated evidence supports the indoleamine hypothesis of depression, which suggests that major depression results from a deficiency of available serotonin or inefficient serotonin. (16). We see that depletions of serotonin from certain regions of the brain such as the hypothalamus, amygdala, and cortical areas involved in cognition and other high processes, can have a great impress in contributing to depression.

Malcolm X Essay

During the 1960s, the powerful spoken languagees spoken ab come on comp be by two men about downcast empowerment, ultimately lead to them to their deaths. The words spoken by Martin Luther fagot Jr. and Malcolm X were so strong and influential, helping them gain great references and followers. King preached out over the brotherhood among races, and the importance of non-violence. Malcolm X, also advocated for the end to segregation, but emphasized the needs for blacks to become independent of the livid man, and stand up for themselves. Both King and Malcolm X had similar goals in their minds, but took distinct paths to attain those goals. Both of their many speeches varied with great distinction. While the content and underlying ideas of the speeches may make different examples and ideas, they both use many common literary devices and rhetorical strategies to attain their sense of hearings attention. It is through Malcolm Xs use of emotion, in concert with the use of other st rategies, that he ultimately created a more passionate influence on his audience.The early lives that these men lived had much influence on how they would later(prenominal) view racism, and speak out on segregation. Martin Luther King Jr., born Micheal Luther King Jr., was raised with a middle-class family, where his mother and tyro stressed the importance of obtaining an teaching (Martin). Malcolm X, born Malcolm Little, came from a place filled with fear and danger, where the Klansmen shouted threats and warnings about how the good old Christian white people were not going to stand for his fathers spreading trouble (X, Malcolm and 1). Malcolms early childhood experiences would be there to haunt him for the rest of his life. The experiences that these men encountered at a young age, place the seeds to how they would flourish into the voices of the oppressed black people, and the ways in which they would deliver their speeches. Malcolm X, was furious at the idea that whites whe re trying to keep blacks in their place, and were the reason why equality was still not be achieved.From a young age, Malcolm had suffered the effects of racism, never forgetting his eighth grade teacher telling him that he had to be realistic about being a nigger. A lawyer- that was no realistic goal for a nigger (X, Malcolm and 38). X, an intelligent student sharing similar dreams as King of becoming a lawyer, where soon shattered, causing him to drop out of school, and turn to drugs in order to get money. After being in jail for six years, Malcolm finally saturnine to Allah, where he began preaching black supremacy, and the separation between blacks and whites. Martin Luther King Jr.s most prominent I have a Dream speech is lucid with its use of emotion, and allusion. King argues that African-Americans are not free according to the rights outlined in the United-States constitution.King not only presents his argument to the African-American community, but rather to all Americans , white and black. King delivers his argument successfully through his use of ethos. Throughout the speech, King alludes to his Christian morals, speaking out on how, one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the tainted places will be made straight and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together (Luther King). King acknowledges the fact that the majority of his audience believes in Christianity, therefore understanding the allusion to the bible. Finally, King refers to his audience as his people. This implies that King sees his audience equal and also it shows that not only the black people are his people.King presents his argument towards freedom, strategically placing emphasis on his moral authority. Malcolm X, flustered by Kings peaceful approach to obtaining African-American rights, wrote, The Ballot or the Bullet, as a direct response to Kings famous I Have a D ream speech spoken only a month before. Like King, Malcolm appeals to the emotions of his young black audience, stirring them with anger and simultaneously, striking fear into the minds of his white listeners. Malcolms goal for this speech was to persuade his audience to purport action into their own hands and bring about a serious long lasting change. The Ballot or the Bullet begins with Malcolms attempt to bring together with his audience. He begins by greeting both his friends and enemies speaking out, I just cant believe everyone in here is a friend and I dont want to leave anybody out (X, Malcolm. Speech). X, immediately grabs the attention of his audience by, identifying with them, also putting aside religious aspects and focusing on manifestly working together and putting aside their differences to fight for their rights (Critical).As Malcolm continues delivering his speech, his use of repetition keeps his audience aroused with anger. X repeats, I am not allowing his audie nce to identify with him, especially when he says that he is not an American, but a victim of Americanism (X, Malcolm. Speech). Here, Malcolm has fallen victim to racism. When X refers to Americanism he refers to things the United States is guilty of, like sexism, racism, and the power that the government has over people. In this quote, he doesnt feel like a citizen of America anymore, although he should. He is equal to everyone else, but is toughened otherwise just because he is African-American.The strong and powerful words that these two men spoke out will always be remembered in the business relationship of the civil rights movement. Although King is a heroine in the eyes of the movement, his methods of obtaining a change were very amicable. It was Malcolm Xs strong militant diction, and his power to stir the crowds emotions that helped him tutor more passion in what he was arguing for. Xs approach may have arisen from his catastrophic childhood, instilling him to speak out on black supremacy, and the liberation from having the government having control over them. Nevertheless, Kings approach allowed him to gain more followers, but it was Malcolm Xs rage against the white man, that allowed him to create a more passionate audience.Works CitedBoyer, Paul S. The Turbulent Sixties. The Enduring Vision A History of the American People. Lexington, MA D.C. Heath, 1990. Print.Biography. Martin Luther King -. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2012. . Critical Analysis The Ballot or The Bullet. Socyberty. Web. 02 June 2012. . Luther King, Martin. Speech. I Have a Dream. Washington D.C. 28 Aug. 1963. American Rhetoric. Web. 02 June 2012. . Malcolm X. Dir. Spike lee(prenominal). Prod. Spike Lee. By Spike Lee and Arnold Perl. Perf. Denzel Washington, Angela Bassett, Albert Hall, and Al Freeman. Warner Bros., 1992. DVD. Martin Luther King, Jr. SparkNotes. SparkNotes. Web. 05 June 2012. . X, Malcolm, and Alex Haley. The Autobiography of Malcolm X. New York One World/Ballanti ne, 1992. Print. X, Malcolm. Speech. The Ballot or the Bullet. Cory Methodist Church, Cleaveland. 3 Apr. 1964. Social Justice Speeches. Web. 02 June 2012. .

A Comparison Between the Bible and The Stone Angel Essay

In addition to the similarities between the two Hagars, John and Marvin, Hagars sons, collimate Jacob and Esau, direct descendants of Abram and Sarah. In Hagars eyes, John is her Jacob. Hagar protects and favours John the same way that Rebekah favours Jacob. In the Bible, Isaac, a blind man, plans to bestow his final blessings upon Esau, his eldest son. Rebekah, having overheard Isaacs intentions, instructs Jacob to take Esaus place and to slang his brothers blessings.As such, Jacob is blessed by Isaac and flees into the wilderness upon his mothers instruction out of apprehension of Esau. Similarly, John flees from his family and into his own wilderness, Manawaka. In Manawaka John tends to his dying father, Bram, and receives Brams blessing onward his death. Marvin never receives Brams blessing, even though they were close when Marvin was a child. John, in essence, takes Marvins place. More important, however, in this comparison is the relationship each boy shares with Hagar.Ha gar, having always been inclined to love John more, wants John to be her Jacob and to want and to receive her blessing. She says, I wish he could have looked like Jacob then, wrestling with the angel and besting it (Laurence 179), as John struggles to lift the stone angel tombstone for Hagar. John dies before Hagar receives a chance to bestow her blessings upon him. It is only in dying that Hagar realizes, through Marvins kindness, that Marvin is her Jacob. He is the son that loves and cares for her more than anything else.Hagar states, Now it seems to me he (Marvin) is truly Jacob, engrossing with all his strength, and bargaining. I will not let thee go, except thou bless me. And I see I am thus strangely cast, and perhaps have been so from the beginning and can only release myself by releasing him (Laurence 304). He will not let Hagar go gentle into that respectable night(Thomas, prologue). Marvin finally receives Hagars blessings, the blessings that John had, for so long, unde servingly taken.

Nursing concepts: competence, compassion, professionalism, Essay

AbstractThere argon different views on the concepts of treat. Nurses merchantman have the same views on nursing concepts as endurings do with hardly slight difference. But oerall the concepts of competence, professionalism, and lenity are viewed very similarly between the she-goat and patient role interviewed for this paper. Competence plays a key role in the flavor of patient distri howevere. Compassion is a basis of nursing that expresses empathy towards patients, and professionalism can sometimes be based on behavior or values. Both view as and the patient recognizes the submit for these three concepts in the nursing field to better provide a better health care environment for some(prenominal) individuals. gatewayNursing has four main concepts upon which its based open client, health, environment, and nursing. Within these four basic concepts are a variety of nursing concepts ranging from ethics, religion, checks role and m both others. Though there is a long ongoing list, many of the concepts are viewed differently or similarly among nurses and patients. Upon reviewing the experience of a patient and a nurse, I have found both individuals had the common concepts of competence, professionalism, and pardon. The patient expresses the need for the nurse to be commensurate, professional, and kind. However the nurses experience demonstrates her compassionate attitude, professionalism and capability. Altogether both individuals recognize the importance of the three components in nursing care, as will be discussed further in the paper. Brief Analysis of InterviewsE. J is currently an ER Nurse Educator who values creation a competent nurse. Her typical work schedule involves making sure everyone in the ER is functioning at high competence levels. Competence in the viewpoint of E.J is having continuous k presentlyledge, and an education to be an effective nurse. long-suffering J.A similarly views competence as an important aspect of nursing. She fe lt competency is apparent in the interaction between the patient and nurse and creates a lack of confidence and dis blow. However, for the patient being competent not only constitutes medical friendship exactly also having experience both as a nurse and a patient as well. A competent nurse effectively creates a comfortable environment for the patient while caring for them physically is the approach taken by J.A. save being culturally competent was also an important component from J.As substantial point of view. While being competent is important, both the nurse and patient responses revealed professionalism as another important concept in nursing. However the nurse appeared to have more concerns about a nurses professionalism than the patient. Maintaining practice expertise for the nurse also coincides with professionalism is one aspect perceived by E.J. J.A identifies being friendly, appropriately addressing patients needs, and correctly performing tasks as characteristics of a professional. Both individuals recognized the need for professionalisms at the basic level but the nurse view point takes in consideration of ethical principles and required standards that nurses should have.Nurse RelationAs both individuals describe what was rewarding or memorable about their experiences, a common concept noted was compassion. E.J exhibited compassion while J.A received compassion during her care. Through her responses, E.J views compassion as a willingness to go the extra-mile to help others and always have a willingness to help even when out of context. Similarly, J.A characterizes compassion as having empathy and truly caring about her well-being and outcome. It involves the nurse doing everything within her power to help the patient without being judgmental. For J.A, compassion is embraceing the patient in the same manner as the nurse would treat herself or her loved ones, if in the same situation. boilersuit, being competent, professional, and compassionat e can have similar meanings to the nurse and the patient, with slight differences. As mentioned above, R.N. E.J.s competency is in the main the education and knowledge obtained to success exuberanty carry out nursing tasks. However in J.As point of view, competence is simply more than just pedantic education. The nurse is aware of the professional boundaries that the patient themselves whitethorn not be fully awareof. For prototype the patient may perceive the friendliness as part of being a professional, while it might not full in line with the professional ethics of nursing. The importance of competence for the nurse is revealed when describing her day-by-day tasks and role as a nurse educator. E.J states that daily tasks during his shift involves creating educational media, and assuring the staff in the ER department remains up to consider on the many competencies required of the nurses such as consciousness sedation. He ensures the staff has the certifications necessary for the department. Making sure the nurse is knowledgeable and provides appropriate care for each patient is a key component. When describing the effects of being a nurse on her professional life, E.J recalls experiencing the death of a patient during her time as a pediatric nurse. E.J was caring for an infant 2 months old with a heart defect from birth, which whom was scheduled for surgery.However, on her next shift the once express mirth baby became lifeless as the parents held the baby in their arms. Despite resuscitation efforts, the baby did not survive. E.J (Personal Communication, November 4, 2012) notes that often, maintaining a level of professionalism is associated with not showing emotion around patients, but in this scenario tears flowed down her cheeks and shared in the parents sorrow. For E.J (Personal Communication, November 4, 2012) expressing that bit of emotion was a way of providing emotional support, and care which are components of professional nursing. E.J served in the armed forces as a nurse and being able to travel coincides with compassion and use of her professionalism. On her account, the proudest shes ever been about being a nurse was the ability to work with the humanity combat ER trauma unit. She traveled to Haiti with a reserve unit to treat and advise the citizens residing in the countrys capital Port-au-Prince. Despite knowing she would have to sleep in tents surrounded by poverty and leave her paying job, she was willing to step out of her comfort zone, and lend a helping hand to others in need. She states every opportunity or chance she gets to take care of someone is a proud wink in her nursing career. E.Js response demonstrates how the concept of compassion can and should in most cases be the driving force behind nursing care.Patients RelationSimilar to the Nurse, the patients experience with the concepts were mostlypositive. After being involved in an auto mobile accident, J.A (Personal Communication, November 4, 2012) wa s admitted to the hospital and doctors spy I had a mitral-stenosis valve and needed a valve replacement. Therefore she had to be admitted for open heart surgery. During her stay at the hospital, which lasted almost two weeks, J.A recalls the sawbones going over the procedures with her carefully. The surgeon and nurses made sure she was aware of her options, and knew what to expect with each course of action she decides to take. Patients description and passionate voice as she negotiation denotes that she trusted the nursing staff and surgeons judgment and had confident in them, for they displayed a good level of competency. moreover J.A shares how every morning the surgeon would come to her room to share news on her communicate. Professionalism is being emphasized as the patient recalls that the nurses really took priority in making sure she knew and mute what was going to take place. The health care police squad properly instilled veracity as part of what it means to be a profe ssional nurse. Moreover, the nursing team was very friendly and valued her beliefs, as J.A is SDA (Seventh-Day Adventist) .She does not eat pork and one of the replacement valves offered was made with pig fat. The nurses that not withhold that information to her, but was made aware of it, so she was given the option to choose another valve made out of plastic.Also the nurses were more than willing to pray with her and cater to her uncanny needs even though they themselves may not have been spiritual. Their openness to participate in my belief in God is one aspect that helped with my full recovery, states J.A(Personal Communication, November 4, 2012). Lastly, J. A recounts a stressful situation in which she encountered while being under the care of nurses. Each night during her hospital stay the nurses would randomly awaken her to check her blood pressure. Also she noted that on one occasion the nurse was unable to locate her veins while trying to draw blood. The nurse continuously tapped her arm and stated, You have very tiny veins. This response shows the patient view of the nurses lack of professionalism and competency. Ending the interview, J.A describes what she believes characterize a good nurse. According to her, a good nurse listens to your ailments, and pays attention to what the patient says. When the nurse listens to the patient, it is important since it allows the patient to feel they are a factor in their recovery and feel more comfortable being inthe hospital environment. The nurse being able to accommodate the patient base on what they need physically, emotionally and spiritually, overall supports the psyche of a nurses professionalism, competency and compassion from J.As view point.Competence Nursing ArticleThe nursing article by Brazil K. et al focuses on the concept of competence used in care provided in long-term care homes for the elderly. It is a study to test knowledge and perceived competency among the RNs and a few LPNs as well. Lack of competence in skills such as pain management, advance care planning, care and adequate care has change magnitude the death rate among older adults in the LTC homes (Brazil et al 2012, 77). Often this lack in competency is due to education in training of staff, and absent converse problems among healthcare providers and family members. The latter has resulted in bad quality end-life care (Brazil et al 2012, 77). The nurses were competent with coping skills of dealing with death and dying but lack baronial training in palliative care (Brazil et al 2012, 77). This coincides with the same ideas present through and through the nurse educator E.J and patient J.A idea of competence. As here there is a need for continuous update of education to make sure that the nurses have current knowledge. Moreover the idea of needing cultural competence identified in the patients point of view is essential as well, for the nurses were not communicating successful with the relatives of the patien t or the other healthcare providers. Being competent in communication skills is as import as competence in clinical skills. Though other factors acknowledged in the study, prove to contribute to difficulties in providing the necessary care, staff competence in that field served as the major determinant in assuring quality care (Brazil, Brink, Kaasalainen, Kelly, & McAiney, 2012, p. 79). Factors that affect or may influence effectiveness of continuing education to increase competency can also be important as discussed in the article (Brazil et al 2012, 79). Overall competency involves more than just one skill, and is often a major concept needed in all nurse weather Pediatric, emergency room, or home health care. However one must not overlook the fact that competency develops over time as more experience is gained. competency also implies or portrays the importance of the concept of evidence-based nursing research, so that we can enhance the competency ofnurses with new and better ap plications. Demonstrating competency or excellence is also a function of professionalism.Professionalism Nursing ArticleAccording to this article there are two aspects of professionalism in, value-based and behavioural-based, needed to support values and ideals (Castell 2008, p.13). Professionalism in Nursing figure by Francesca Costell (2008) compares and contrast the different views based on the aforementioned aspects. The value basis is principles that underlie what it means to be nurses while the behavioral basis are the behaviors one must exhibit to act professionally (Castell 2008, p.17). She further divides value based into the categories of clinical competency (excellence), humanism, and altruism. Behavior-based was also divided into Service and ethical conduct. From behavioral stand point, castell believes that humanism is a component of professionalism because the interaction is vital for guiding the medical profession (2008, p.13). As E.J mentioned above, showing your hu man side shoes view for the patient and signals the worth of the individual human being and his or her belief and value system (2008, p.13). Castell view on professionalism coincides with E. J point of view as both acknowledge the need to sometime show emotion to connect with patients. Castells incorporates a key aspect of professionalism, ethical conduct. An unethical clinical example mentioned is of a student nurses preparing to care for an elderly patient and the experienced nurses warned of his obnoxious behavior and rudeness. This was an unprofessional as Castell believes this could have compromised the care the students gave, as it form pre-conceived ideas into their minds and would now care for him based on those ideals (Castell 2008, p.15). J.A as well identified this key ethical component of professionalism for she believed the nurse should carry out the appropriate care that is mandated of her. In general the core idea of being professional is acting without being prejudi ce and carrying out your duties as a nurse which can sometimes accommodate displaying the humanistic side to provide efficient care.Compassion Nursing ArticleExploring Compassion accredits Christianity with incorporating compassion into nursing care. Compassion in early nursing was from a Christian point ofview and then became part of contemporary nursing. According to Straughair (2012), A nurses strive to alleviate the suffering of the sick is through the use of compassion (161). Failing to provide compassionate nursing care is failing to meet the required professional standards. Evidence shows that lack of compassion results in poor quality care on the part of the patient, and indicates a disregard for their dignity (Straughair, 2012 p.162). A lack of compassion affects the quality of healthcare as a whole whether the nurse is clinically competent.ConclusionThough all three concepts are interdependent of each other they function together as a whole along with many other concepts make nursing or nurses a success. Being competence itself consists of many sub categories as it is important to be competent in many skills or aspects as a nurse and not simply one. Competency as discussed in the paper is more than knowledge or cognitive skills and encompasses culture, communication, and many others of the like. Likewise professionalism has two facades as it can be mediated by values or behavior in the nursing feel. Even though the nurse and patient may have had slightly different views for each concept, it all came together to form a basis idea. Furthermore being compassion is the basic framework of nursing as it is having the genuine care for someone and showing patients empathy. It is treating others as you would treat yourself. Caring for patients with compassion can have a lasting impact on patients in help in a speedy recovery.ImplicationIt is important for me as I progress through my nursing practice to remember that my competency level has to reach beyond si mply checking off assessment on a checklist, or a test. As I will come across patients or situations of different nature, culture and need to be able to use skills that will cater to the particularized situation or need at any given time. Competency in one area neglects to fulfill the needs of the patient overall and decreases quality of care. The same principle can be applied to professionalism, as I have to know what action is appropriate for nursing professional at any given time. But also judge whether my professionalism should be based on value or behavioral. This choice will be made base on whats best for the patient, me, as well as others involves safety and well-being at the time.ReferencesBrazil, K., Brink, P., Kaasalainen, S., Kelly, M., & McAiney, C. (2012). Knowledge and perceived competence among nurses caring for the dying in long-term care homes. International Journal Of Palliative Nursing, 18(2), 77-83.Castell, F. (2008). Professionalism in nursing practice. Nursing Journal, 1213-17.Catalano, J. T. (2012). Nursing now todays issues, tomorrows trends (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA F.A. Davis Co.Straughair, C. (2012). Exploring compassion implications for contemporary nursing. Part 1. British Journal Of Nursing, 21(3), 160-164.

Meaning of Life and Thanksgiving Essay

As the first pilgrims arrived at Plymouth Rock and had a feast with the Indians, they dual-lane a moment of thanks together. They gave thanks for all their blessings, thus, cr saping our lovely day of Thanksgiving. When Thanksgiving is thought of, the first thing that comes to mind is turkey and a plentiful amount of food. Thanksgiving to me, is the time to be together with the ones you care about. Coming together for a day to just be with each other and to pinch up is what Thanksgiving means to me.Family should be with each other to share memories and to realize the plentiful amount of blessings they have been given. Thanksgiving is not only a day for gorging on food or falling into a food coma, but talking with each other and just being glad to be with one another. Having family during Thanksgiving is a crucial part in my life. Having all of my relatives in one place for one day to talk and have pastime with them makes Thanksgiving extra special for me. It is one of the few day s of the year that I get to see everybody.The turkey, yams, cranberry sauce, mashed potatoes is just the icing on the cake. Everybody in my family loves the food. We eat and eat until we cant eat anymore. My family has a tradition of playing soccer afterwards but that goes only so far due to our beneficial stomachs. My cousins and I play a friendly game of poker, afterwards our failed attempts for soccer, for first dibs on dessert. After a good game of poker, my cousins and I look for shipway to entertain ourselves meanwhile the adults talk about their lives and brag about their kids.Society today makes Thanksgiving look like a day just to eat. As society advances the importation of Thanksgiving deteriorates into a secular holiday. The meaning of Thanksgiving seems obsolete. I truly believe that Thanksgiving should be refreshed in its meaning and should be celebrated with family and love. As state come together to share a special day in our history, this should be a day which pe ople will not take for granted.

Cost Control and Cost Reduction

PRINCIPLES OF COST CONTROL 1. 1 Introduction Cost is important to in all industry. Costs give the gate be divided into 2 general classes absolute lives and relative termss. Absolute personify measures the loss in value of assets. Relative court involves a relation between the chosen course of action and the course of action that was rejected. This cost of the alternative action the action not taken is often called the opportunity cost. The accountant is primarily concerned with the absolute cost.However, the forest engineer, the planner, the human beingsager needs to be concerned with the alternative cost the cost of the lost opportunity. Management has to be able to make comparisons between the policy that should be chosen and the policy that should be rejected. Such comparisons require the ability to predict be, rather than merely rule book costs. Cost data argon, of course, essential to the technique of cost omen. However, the form in which much cost data argon reco rd limits accurate cost prediction to the field of comparable situations only.This limitation of accurate cost prediction may not be serious in industries where the production environment changes little from calendar month to month or year to year. In harvesting, however, identical production situations atomic number 18 the exception rather than the rule. Unless the cost data are broken down and recorded as unit costs, and correlated with the factors that control their values, they are of little use in deciding between alternative procedures. Here, the approach to the problem of useful cost data is that of identification, isolation, and control of the factors affecting cost. . 2 Basic Classification of Costs Costs are divided into two types variable costs, and fixed costs. Variable costs vary per unit of production. For example, they may be the cost per cubic meter of wood yarded, per cubic meter of dirt excavated, etc. Fixed costs, on the opposite hand, are incurred only once an d as additional units of production are produced, the unit costs fall. Examples of fixed costs would be equipment move-in costs and road price of admission costs. 1. 3 Total Cost and Unit-Cost Formulas As harvesting operations become more than complicated and involve both fixed and ariable costs, there usually is more than one way to accomplish a given task. It may be possible to change the measurement of one or both types of cost, and thus to occur at a minimum sum of money cost. Mathematically, the relationship existing between volume of production and costs can be expressed by the following equations Total cost = fixed cost + variable cost ? output In symbols using the first letters of the cost elements and N for the output or number of units of production, these simple formulas are C = F + NV UC = F/N + V 1. Breakeven Analysis A breakeven analysis determines the point at which one mode becomes superior to another method of accomplishing some task or objective. Breakeven an alysis is a common and important part of cost control. One illustration of a breakeven analysis would be to compare two methods of road construction for a road that involves a limited amount of cut-and-fill earthwork. It would be possible to do the earthwork by hand or by dozer. If the manual method were adopted, the fixed costs would be low or non-existent.Payment would be done on a day-to-day basis and would call for direct supervision by a foreman. The cost would be calculated by estimating the quantify required and multiplying this time by the reasonable wages of the men employed. The men could also be paid on a piece-work basis. Alternatively, this work could be done by a bulldozer which would take for to be moved in from another site. Let us assume that the cost of the hand labor would be $0. 60 per cubic meter and the bulldozer would cost $0. 40 per cubic meter and would require $100 to move in from another site.The move-in cost for the bulldozer is a fixed cost, and is i ndependent of the bar of the earthwork handled. If the bulldozer is used, no economy will result unless the amount of earthwork is sufficient to carry the fixed cost plus the direct cost of the bulldozer operation. soma 1. 1 Breakeven Example for Excavation. If, on a set of coordinates, cost in dollars is plotted on the vertical axis and units of production on the horizontal axis, we can indicate fixed cost for any process by a horizontal line parallel to the x-axis. If variable ost per unit output is constant, then the occur cost for any number of units of production will be the sum of the fixed cost and the variable cost multiplied by the number of units of production, or F + NV. If the cost data for two processes or methods, one of which has a higher variable cost, only if lower fixed cost than the other are plotted on the same graph, the occur cost lines will intersect at some point. At this point the levels of production and total cost are the same. This point is known as the breakeven point, since at this level one method is as economical as the other.Referring to Figure 1. 1 the breakeven point at which quantity the bulldozer alternative and the manual labor alternative become equal is at 500 cubic meters. We could have found this same result algebraically by writing F + NV = F + NV where F and V are the fixed and variable costs for the manual method, and F and V are the corresponding values for the bulldozer method. Since all values are known except N, we can solve for N using the formula N = (F F) / (V V) 1. 5 Minimum Cost Analyses A similar, but different problem is the determination of the point of minimum total cost.Instead of balancing two methods with different fixed and variable costs, the aim is to bring the sum of two costs to a minimum. We will assume a clearing crew of 20 men is clearing road right-of-way and the following facts are available 1. work force are paid at the rate of $0. 40 per hour. 2. Time is measured from the time of leaving inner circle to the time of return. 3. Total locomote time per man is increasing at the rate of 15 minutes per day. 4. The cost to move the camp is $50. If the camp is moved each day, no time is lost walking, but the camp cost is $50 per day.If the camp is not moved, on the moment day 15 crew-minutes are lost or $2. 00. On the third day, the total walking time has increased 30 minutes, the fourth day, 45 minutes, and so on. How often should the camp be moved assuming all other things are equal? We could derive an algebraic expression using the sum of an arithmetic series if we wanted to solve this problem a number of times, but for deduction purposes we can simply calculate the average total camp cost. The average total camp cost is the sum of the average daily cost of walking time plus the average daily cost of moving camp.If we moved camp each day, then average daily cost of walking time would be zero and the cost of moving camp would be $50. 00. If we moved the camp e very other day, the cost of walking time is $2. 00 lost the second day, or an average of $1. 00 per day. The average daily cost of moving camp is $50 divided by 2 or $25. 00. The average total camp cost is then $26. 00. If we continued this process for various numbers of days the camp remains in location, we would obtain the results in Table 1. 1. TABLE 1. 1 Average daily total camp cost as the sum of the cost of walking time plus the cost of moving camp.Days camp remained in location Average daily cost of walking time Average daily cost of moving camp Average total camp cost 1 0. 00 50. 00 50. 00 2 1. 00 25. 00 26. 00 3 2. 00 16. 67 18. 67 4 3. 00 12. 50 15. 50 5 4. 00 10. 00 14. 00 6 5. 00 8. 33 13. 33 7 6. 00 7. 14 13. 14 8 7. 00 6. 25 13. 25 9 8. 00 5. 56 13. 56 10 9. 00 5. 00 14. 00 We see the average daily cost of walking time increasing linearly and the average cost of moving camp decreasing as the number of days the camp remains in one location increases.The minimum cost is obtained for leaving the camp in location 7 days (Figure 1. 2). This minimum cost point should only be used as a guideline as all other things are rarely equal. An important output of the analysis is the sensitivity of the total cost to deviations from the minimum cost point. In this example, the total cost changes slowly between 5 and 10 days. Often, other considerations which may be difficult to quantify will affect the decision. In Section 2, we dispute balancing road costs against skidding costs.Sometimes roads are spaced more closely together than that indicated by the point of minimum total cost if nimiety road construction capacity is available. In this case the goal may be to reduce the risk of disrupting skidding production because of poor weather or equipment availability. Alternatively, we may choose to space roads farther apart to reduce environmental impacts. Due to the usually flat nature of the total cost curve, the increase in total cost is often small over a wide range of road spacings. Figure 1. 2 Costs for Camp Location Example.

Disadvantages of television Essay

It is believed that television is one of the successful invention in this era. At first, television is used to transfer information from all over the manhood in the fastest speed. Nowadays, television has entered an opposite stage, there are many shopping mall selling high-definition televisions. Other than first hand information, television provides us entertainment and cognition. There are sitcoms, documentary, drama, sports, movie, etc. Nonetheless, is it good or not? This time, let us talk about the advantages and disadvantages of watching television.Like some people, I love watching television when I have spare time. In 21st century, watching television has been becoming a popular activity other than sports, or playing video games. Nevertheless, did you notice how many hours do you spend on watching television every day? And did you choose a equal programme for yourself? Surprisingly, the average of an American watch television for 7 hours and 15 minutes per day. And this figu red out how many people has already been invaded by television. cross-file more Advantages of television essayWatching television is really a waste of time. Those for whom watching television 8 hours a day. They waste 56 hours a week, then they waste about 240 hours a month, and they waste about 2900 hours a year. As if we can make good you use of these 2900 hours, we can learn knowledge from books, can make ourselves more healthy. Also, television programme are not suitable for everyone. Violence and sexual materials affect the growth of children and teens. If their parents do not study them, their children may result in committing crimes. Moreover, if their parents did not tell their children not to open the volume too loud or watching television in a long-acting distance, it may also hurt their ears and eyes easily. Furthermore, students who watch television more than 2 hours everyday, it may affect their academic because they have no longer concern about their study

Doing Business in Japan Essay

1) A large lacquerese firm makes important decision by a so-c completelyed nemawashi consulting system which requires all internal stakeholders to review and sign the last decision. Research the concept online and comp ar the advantages and disadvantages of this decision making versus the vertical U.S. system. Describe specific situations when nemawashi could be advantageous and disadvantageous. The nicety of the Japanese is to live in consonance with nature and others and they do this by avoiding debates and clashing positions by using a decision making system called Nemawashi. They assess interpersonal connectedness and consensus which is the exact opposite of how Ameri canisters think and respond. This idea was developed in 1950 when American statistics professor, W. Edwards Deming, trained Japanese leadership staff in scientific discipline and Engineering on quality control techniques. David OGorman (2012) wrote, The techniques Deming introduced were very compatible with th e cultural value of harmony. For example, Deming had 14 key principles for quality improvement. One principle is to queer down the barriers among departments. Demings perspective on teamwork, and his other teachings on quality improvement, fit perfectly with Japans cultural values of harmony and consensus. Nemawashi gets its meaning from a horticulture terminology meaning neglige around the roots.When transplanting a tree from one place to another, preparing the root ball by wrapping it with fabric material and acclimatizing it to its new location before transplanting would make that tree grow healthier and stronger in its new environment. (Sakai, 2012) In practice, it means that the derriere for a new proposal must be c befully prepared in advance if it is expected to take root, survive and prosper. (OGorman, 2012). Japanese managers are significantly to a greater extent relationship-oriented and hierarchical than their U.S. counterparts, preferring consensus building, collect ivist decision making, and risk avoidance. (FitzGerald, 2014) By informally communicating ideas to stakeholders, any issues planned for discussion in the larger meeting that competency prove to be controversial are hashed out ahead of time so that they dont create embarrassing snags. Any new ideas or proposals that are goingto be presented can be floated in the pre-meeting, in order to avoid any surprises during the main meeting. (Kopp, 2010) To avoid conflict and saving face, more of the discussions of an idea are done informally with all stakeholders prior to the actual formal meeting. There are advantages and disadvantages of this decision making style.The advantages of Nemawashi are Nemawashi is a more disciplined channel practiceNemawashi eliminates the element of surpriseNemawashi eliminates the likelihood of whoever screams the loudest getting their way Nemawashi eliminates ego and aligns interests to a common goal, focusing on the problem at hand with more input across t he team or organization (Gordy, 2013). Consensus-buildingThe disadvantages of Nemawashi areIt is time consumingIs not well suited to generating the innovated results and services that Japan needs to compete globally in the future. It suppresses innovative ideas. The nemawashi-ringi process can allow good ideas to wither and die. (OGorman, 2012). People are worried that decisions are sometimes made behind the scenes, instead of out in the open. It is therefore seen as an undemocratic process. (Abe, 2014). Those who hold a minority view do not crush out it to preserve harmony. Furthermore, decisions are flexible and open to change. As a result, decisions are vague, rarely written down, allowing various parties to implement the decision differently. (Anderson, 2009). An example where Nemawashi can scoop up be implemented occurs when a decision does not have to be reached immediately. Japanese use it effectively when they are trying to improve a product such as Toyota.They have time to research, analyze, mull over, and share with all of the stakeholders and can flush out any inconsistencies or challenges prior to making the final decision. An example where Nemawashi is not advantageous is when a decision needs to be made rather quickly or when trying to be innovative. Because nemawashi is time-consuming, if there was a sudden decision that indispensable to be made, individuals who use this method of decision making would have difficulty getting everyone on board and in compact in such a short amount of time. It may take months, perhaps courses, for an ideato work its way through the nemwashi-ringi process and be implemented. In the past, this did not pose much of a problem. But in todays rapidly changing global environment there are change magnitude demands on companies to make faster decisions just to maintain their competitive position. (OGorman, 2012). An example of innovative products can be an idea such as the iPhone or self-driving transportation.2) intend that you are to welcome a Japanese delegation in your home-country. The delegation represents a potential business partner for your firm. Describe how you would prepare for the meeting and how you would come down intercultural communication apprehension on twain sides. I am welcoming a Japanese delegation in my home-country and because I am not ethnocentric, I have researched the Japanese culture and understand that they value hierarchy, status, social ranking, interpersonal relationships and nature. Japanese are polite, sensitive and have good manners and so it allow be important to demonstrate those qualities, but not make an assumption because they possess these qualities that they will do business with my organization. I must prepare months in advance for the meeting because Japanese do not like to be taken by surprise. Japanese value commitment, dedication, excellent service, quality and reliability. I would manoeuver the itinerary to the Japanese delegation in advan ce a retentive with any necessary paperwork for their review along with pictures of the executive members of the organization and their ranking. The professional portfolio would detail how long our organization has been in existence and our ranking in our industry.We would have researched their organization and identified their executives as well as their salaryman with whom we are engaging to do business. At the airport, a team of individuals would meet them and acknowledge the almost senior member first on down to the salaryman. A business card held by both hands would be given to each one as each of us bow the formal bow and say Watashi no namae wa Jones desu. Although you do not need to become word-perfect Japanese speaker, many Japanese people really do appreciate foreigners who make the effort to learn at least a few Japanese words and business phrases. (Web) We would receive their business card and immediately study the card and place it carefully in our business card portfo lio. We then would follow the itinerary explicitly. Instead oftaking them straight to the office, we would have tickets for the professional baseball team in our region in the loge with food and delicacies of their liking.Matsuzaki (2014) as a summer scholar states that Japanese people love sports, especially baseball. After the game, each delegate would receive a baseball hat with the team logo and a baseball shirt. After the game, a walk through the company and introduction to any senior managers would be done. We would go over our goals and objectives and discuss our portfolio in detail sharing information of how with an expanded business in Japan everyone could have a substantial profit. The most important thing to remember in dealing with the Japanese is to take a passive attitude and listen very carefully to those words that are spoken as well as those not spoken. Soft sell and use facts like we sold over a million sets last year rather than biased information such as were bet ter than them. Be very careful not to overstate your case. Any kind of mobile talker or talking likewise much can rub the wrong way. It is much better to say too little than to say too much. (Matsuzaki, 2014)Afterwards, at an upscale restaurant we would have an uchiage, (drinking party) which is a tradition Japanese have done after the end of a business transaction. Each business partner would be advised as to drink in moderation and if they do not drink, politely provide an excuse as to why they are not imbibing. The delegation would later be escorted to their hotel and in the morning escorted to the next planned event or to the airport by our executives with a parting reach of a company pen from Tiffanys. 3) Access JETHROs website and other e-Global resources and describe the complexities of setting a Japanese representative office. What are the advantages and disadvantages when compared to other forms of business establishments in Japan? There are many complexities when settin g up a representative office in Japan. According to Japan Management Consulting the Representative blank space needs to have a Representative resident of Japan. The Representative Office needs to prove the reality of its existence by showinga conduct for office space in its own namea utility bill in the Representative Office namecopy of the contract between the representative and the foreign countryThe Representative of the Representative Office needs to prove its good standingwith Social Insurance, Tax and Legal authorities by providing documents such as registration with the local ward office Juminhyoregistration with Social Insurance, typically a copy of Pension Book is needed validation of payment of resident tax and national tax and also individual enterprise tax if she/he was self-employed. The representative office also need to narration with relevant tax office to report and pay the tax withheld on employees salary. (Japan Management Consult, 2011)The advantage of creati ng a Representative Office in Japan is to be able to carry marketing survey and information gathering activity in Japan before starting a full scale operation, without having to jump out the burden of full size company and especially keeping a Japan Yen General Ledger and paying taxes. The Representative Office can employ people in Japan and does not need to be registered with legal authorities like the Legal Affairs Bureau. The only registration needed is with tax office for payment of emplyees withheld income taxes. A representative office is often used by companies that wish to employ people in Japan for attendant activity or before starting a full scale activity. (Japan Management Consult, 2011) The disadvantage of a Representative Office is that it cannot engage in any for profit transactions that would raise Japans tax liability. It is only there to gauge the atmosphere of the environment through surveys and assessments.ReferencesAbe, Namiko. (2014). About.com Japanese Langu age. Nemawashi. Retrieved from http//japanese.about.com/library/ each week/aa080597.htm Anderson, R.V. (Mar/Apr 2009) Management World. The Online Journal for Certified Managers. Japanese and American Management A Contrast of Styles. Retrieved from http//cob.jmu.edu/icpm/management_world/CMartMar09.pdf FitzGerald, L.A. (2014). Module 2 One World Many Cultures. In Jones outside(a) University, BC 607 Leading from a Global Perspective. Retrieved from http//courses.jonesinternational.edu/display.jkg?courseSectionId=33756&uid=105453&tpl=frameset Gordy, Bill. (Dec 11, 2013). The Solutions Group Inc. Implementing the Japanese Business Practice of Nemawashi. Retrieved from www.thesolutionsgroupinc.com/implementing-the-japanese-business-practice-of-nemawashi/ Japan Management Consulting (2005-2011)

Non-Hodgins Lymphoma with Case Study Example

Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma is a coffin nailcer of the lymphocytes the white affinity cells. The lymphocytes and lymph arrangement are essential in our bodys immune protection. It is an abnormal growth localise of these cells. Since lymph is found throughout the body it is easily spread from one line of business to an early(a). In 2008 there were all over 66,000 new cases and just over 19,000 deaths from it (cancer. gov). It is categorized as slow growing or fast growing, as well as if it starts in the T-cells or the B-cells. Lymphomas from B cells are most habitual in the joined States.The lymphoma can develop in any of the lymph tissues, and disco rattling of which kind of lymphoma determines the treatment options (cancer. org). Causes Although there are no definite causes to Non Hodgkins lymphoma there arrest cases where it has been linked to persons with another ailment. Autoimmune diseases want RA and systemic lupus erythematosus have been linked to NHL. Exposures to chemica ls such as benzene and treatments in chemotherapy have been exposen in trends to cause NHL. citizenry who are immunocompromised like HIV endurings and those that are on immunosuppressant from transplants are also at luck for Lymphomas.Also, people having excessive exposure to large amounts of radiation, like cancer treatments have an increased fortune of developing this lymphoma. NHL is mostly seen in the older community so age is also a risk factor. Also chronic diseases may increase the chances of getting a lymphoma callable to the increased risk of mutations from perpetually producing new lymph cells. Some patients can be born with a disease that can lead to NHL due to a defect in their DNA. It is not likely that they can pass on the NHL to their offspring if they put ont have the underlying disease.Most a good deal it develops independently. Discovery Lumps in the skin and lymph nodes can be discovered by the patient, their partner or doctor. Where the lump is located c an also give pointless symptoms. For instance, if it is found near the skin there would be a swelling in the surrounding tissue. If its in the abdomen it can cause severe pain and possible digestive problems. If the lymphoma is on the skin t can cause an itchy patch. If it is in the chest cavity it can cause upset breathing. Case Study Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma Shannon Z is an active 58 yr old female.In her archaean twenties she had undergone chemotherapy and radiation for her treatment of breast cancer. When she noticed the lump in her neck she immediately went to see her doctor. The doctor ordered some blood tests and a biopsy of the lump. Her doctor wasnt very concerned because fleck an infection can also cause enlarged nodes in the neck. She ordered the tests anyway because of the patients medical history. Along with the lump, she experienced drenching night sweats which are another symptom of NHL tho she thought it was a side effect of menopause.Other signs to look for would b e persistent fevers and a jerky loss of weight, usually 10 % body weight or more. An incisional biopsy is a surgical technique apply to obtain a sample of the node for observation. This was used because the enlarged node was close to the skin surface. on that point are other biopsies available. Fine needle biopsies can also be used exclusively a great deal dont provide enough sample to determine if its lymphoma or not but does not require surgery. Lumbar punctures look for lymphoma in the CNS. Bone marrow aspiration looks for the cancer inside the gussy up and bone marrow by removing pieces of the bone and/or marrow.Laboratory tests All samples must be diagnosed be a trained pathologist with experience in lymphomas. The most important test would be those differentiating if the patient has a cancer, then T cell lymphoma from the B cell lymphoma. If a concrete diagnosis cant be made from looking at the cells then other methods must be used. Methods like Immunocytochemistry invol ve using fluorescent tags on the surface of the cells can differentiate the different lymphomas from each other and non cancerous diseases. Flow cytometry uses antibody tagging and laser beams to cause the cells to emit light if they have the antigen.This is important because different NHLs have specific antigens. Discovery of the type of NHL helps determine the treatment route. Blood tests cannot determine a lymphoma but they do show significance of the rate of growth of the lymphoma. CT scans and MRIs provide the doctors with images of the size of the actual lymph nodes and how some(prenominal) growths there are through the body. Prognosis There are two staging systems for NHL. The most common is the Ann Arbor system. It uses 1-4 to stage the severity of the disease. phase 1 has lymphoma in one area in the lymph system and one outside the system (organ).A lymphoma is considered stage 2 if it is found exclusively in 2 areas above or 2 areas below the diaphragm and organs in close proximity to lymph. Stage 3 occurs when it is found on both sides of the diaphragm and other organs near lymph. Stage 4 is when lymphoma reaches the bone marrow, CSF, or an organ not next to a lymph source. This system is used in community with the International Prognosis Index. The IPI uses the age of the patient, stage of the cancer, patient everyday performance status, location of the tumors, and levels of LDH (increases as the lymphoma spreads) dependable Prognostic FactorsPoor Prognostic FactorsAge 60 or belowAge above 60 Stage I or IIStage III or IV No lymphoma outside of lymph nodes, or lymphoma in only 1 area outside of lymph nodesLymphoma present in more than 1 organ of the body outside of lymph nodes PS adequate to function normallyPS Needs a lot of help with daily activities Serum LDH is normalSerum LDH is elevated (Chart provided from www. cancer. org) Treatment Chemotherapy is often used in conjunction with radiation for low levels, or with medications like Rituxan or Zavalin. Rituxan is an antibody that targets the cancerous cells.Zavalin is an antibody with a radioactive component. The antibody attaches itself and the radioactive isotope destroys the cell. These drugs are used for the more persistent lymphomas because chemo and radiation have been proven very effective against the lymphoma. Stem cell transplantation is also another option. Once diagnosed, patients are requested to have frequent physicals and blood tests to track the growth of the cancer. Resources http//www. oncologychannel. com/nonhodgkins/diagnosis. shtml http//www. cancer. org http//www. cancer. com http//www. mayoclinic. org

Marketing Pizza Hut in Nigeria Essay

Executive SummaryThe de esteemd- nutrition effort has been io eat of the about successful industries even with the economical meltd feature that occurred in 2008 its success is due to the congenator low cost of its products and pizza pie chanty is an example. Established in the joined earths in 1958 by devil brothers, the fraternity has since grown from being local anaesthetic ph nonpareilr to an international company with all everyplace 11,000 units in the United States and across the realness. The company has branded its image and name for being one the take pizza making eaterys in the knowledge do crucial. Despite its presence internationally the company is still yet to dominate Africa, although, Africa is developing kingdom with a lot environmental risk in certain neck of the woodss much or less countries ar taking measures to save such risks with outlets in the Northern and Southern Africa the company can expand in other areas.The qualified location allow be Nigeria located on the westerlyern align of Africa. Nigeria being the most inhabit res publica in Africa is region with abundant resources, oil and gas are the major source of income with culture next suit. The pastoral has a wide range dissimilar cultural background each(prenominal) exhibiting ones own delegacy life, further the sphere is united as one nation with side being the official language. Although, the country is known to be environmentally risky region, the government is adopting a new repair that will benefit the nation and encourage Foreign Direct Investment. For pizza Hut, franchising its restaurant to suchlocation will increase its strength and presence in the African region with other countries potential to follow the path.History pizza pie Hut was started in the city of Wichita, Kansas in the United States in 1958. It was dickens brothers Dan and Frank Carney while studying in college in Wichita, Kansas were approached by a family friend w ith the impression of disruption a pizza store. Being inspired with the idea, they borrowed an amount of six hundred dollars from their mother and procured some succor hand equipments and hired a small building on a busy lap in their hometown. Thus became the start of the of the greatest pizza name in the world. The company in integratedd by and by a year and its initial franchise began in Topeka. (Entrepreneur Media, Inc., 2013)Background Overview pizza pie Hut is an American bowed stringed instrument of restaurants and international franchise that offers miscellaneous typesetters cases of Pizzas along with a variety of side dishes and desserts. Pizza Hut began franchising around 1959. Pizza Hut otherwise known as Pizza Hut, Inc., in the corporate world became a subsidiary of Yum Brands, Inc., as of 1997. Yum Brands, Inc., is considered to be the largest restaurant company around the globe. Our study indicated that Pizza Hut has around 14,357 franchise units around the world today and as well is ranked 10th among the go along 10 franchises for 2013. (Entrepreneur Media, Inc., 2013)PurposeThe purpose of this report would be to make use of the study and results to prepare a merchandising report incorporating Pizza Hut, Inc., in Nigeria, Africa in run to disclose a merchandise audit, intent and strategy and in addition use the permit material and subjects related to entering the Nigerian food market. at that place would hitherto be a portion of concerns and reasons that would involve the company while shifting and familiarizing to the new location. even due to high cost of these fast food brands, many people still cannot afford it. thusly reason suitable prices are to be varied in order to compete in these types of challenging markets. dobriny Overview NIGERIANigeria also known as the Giant of Africa is the most inhabited country in Africa. Nigeria was colonized by the British and got her independence on October 1st 1960. The country is a fe deral constitutional republic, with 36 states and a Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. There are over 250 culturalals groups in Nigeria, which the absolute majority being Hausa, Yoruba and Igbo. After the countrys independence the country had a civil war that led to the formation of military administration during the 70s till 1999, which saw the beginning of a democratic regime.Culture and ReligionWith a population of over 160 million people living in Nigeria, projected figures shows that the religious demographic indicate that 50% of the population are Muslims, 40% Christians and 10% practice their indigenous belief (CIA World Fact book). In Nigerian society religion run a shipway a major enjoyment in peoples way of life Islam is of majority in the Northern region, which is dominated by the Hausas while Christianity is in the Southern region. The Yorubas welcome hold of a more diverse religion and those in the middle-belt practice their own indigenous belief. Throughout the c ountry religion is a means for social mobility, providing means of incorporation into barter and political circles as intimately as educational arranging (Library of Congress).Politics and GovernmentThe Constitution of Nigeria shows that the country is a sovereign state, whose citizens are bounded together by a Federal arrangement. The stolones of government is divided into three the Executive, a Judiciary, and a Legislative. The Executive power is solely for the President who is also the chief of state and head of the government. The Legislative branch consists of the Senate members, and House of Representatives, and the Judiciary consists of the all the legal system both at Federal level and State level. The president appoints members of the Supreme Court subject to confirmation by the Senate. There multiple political parties in Nigeria of which three are very strong, Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP), and alliance Congress (AC) the PDP has been ruling the country for over a decade. (Nigeria GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS).Legal SystemThe legal system in Nigeria is a combination of statutory law, English common law, accustomed law, and in the northern region Islamic law. The Federal and State courts apply the English common law, while the local courts apply customary and Islamic law (Nigeria GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS).EconomyNigeria being an oil-rich nation has been faced with heavy political instability, corruption, myopic infrastructure, and poor management, but in 2008 started economic reforms. gross domestic product (Purchasing Power Parity) = $ 455.5 billion (2012 est.) Compared to the rest of the world = 31GDP (PPP) 2011 = $ 428.4 billionGDP (Real Growth Rate) = 6.3% (2012)Compared to the world = 41GDP (Real Growth Rate) 2011 = 7.4%GDP (Per Capita) 2012 = $2,800Compared to the world 180GDP (Per Capita) 2011 = $2,700(CIA World Fact Book)The delivery of Nigeria slowed down in 2012 as shown above the oil heavens continues to be the major contribution of the regions revenue with a growth rate of 8% compared to -0.35% in the non-oil sector. sparing activities are mostly denominated by Agriculture, gas and oil sectors in Nigeria. Though the economic reform looks strong there are still challenges the country ask to face. There is a high unemployment that locomote from 21% in 2010 to 24% in 2011. Another downside to the economy is the security challenges arising from religious or ethnic conflicts, costs swaind with environmental detailors, and the slow global economic growth and the sovereign debt crisis in the Euro region.DemographicsPopulationhttp//www.indexmundi.com/nigeria/age_structure.htmlworld fact bookThe above population pyramid shows a structure of a countries population, population Is distributed on the swimming axis, which is divided by male on the left and females on the right. The X-axis indicates population and the Y-axis has distinguished age groups.Economic statisticsThe economy in Ni geria is a mixed economy with developing market sectors (legal, finance, communication, transport, entertainment). Nigeria is ranked 36th in scathe of GDP as of 2013. Due to the resilience witnessed in 2012, the economy of Nigeria is expected to grow cursorily and gain stability. Nigeria GDP growth slowed down from by 7.4 % in 2011 to 6.6% in 2012. In diversity with sectors in Nigeria, agriculture stands the highest contributor, followed by sodding(a) oil, natural gas and wholesale products. Economy in Nigeria is the largest in West Africa and top three in Africa.Personal income per capitahttp//www.tradingeconomics.com/nigeria/gdppercapitaPersonal income per capita has improved over the years and has maintained a stable growth from 2004 2012 due to the improved income to the country from crude oil and agriculture. From $726.4 per person in 2004 and a drastic change in 2012 with $1052.3 per person. Gradually with the development and newfound opportunities in Nigeria the income pe r capita will steady grow.Foreign investmentBefore the exporting of oil, agriculture was one of the largest fr go throughs in the countries earnings. A key for hold unlike investments in Nigeria is the oil and gas sector. Other foreign investment opportunities such as telecommunications, electricity, received estate, food and beverage, consumer goods, health care and tourism.Working conditionsWorking conditions in Nigeria is far from ideal, apart from civil servants and employees of foreign countries, working conditions and wages are acceptable. This may not be the condition of the local people in Nigeria. Protests by the trade union leaders, strikes, income inequalities, late payment, poor wages affect the standard of living in Nigeria. Technological psychoanalysisInfrastructure in Nigeria is weak it is one of the main problems that affect the growth of the country. undependable electricity, water resource, road, transport consecrate pulled back the growth of Nigeria in the p revious years. In recent developments the country has public private partnership, investors and international companies moving into these regions for a better prospect and can revive the economy.Market AuditThe ProductWhen considering the market audit and competitive market analysis for any business, there are four factors to consider fundamentally. These four factors are product, price, promotion, and slipment. Pizza Hut is a fast food restaurant chain that domiciliates the dine-in and take-away religious services for fast food customers. The other external and internal environmental motor such as the cultural, legal and political also has the greater impact on the product availability, its sales, marketing and reputation. The legal forces are unbiased to start a business venture in Africa, specifically the fast food chains such as Pizza Hut. Some social and cultural forces also play an influential role in creating and destroying the opportunities for any business. KFC, Donut K ing, dominos, and Italian Pizza are most puff up renowned names in providing the high quality fast food products in these markets and are employ the high standard advertising and promotional strategies thus the competition is challenging. The understanding of recent advertising, trends, promotions and marketing ways are considered to be necessary when stepping into the Nigerian fast food products market.The MarketMarket is a place where major process of the business takes place. The economical, political, social, cultural, financial, legal and technological forces are basically some of the factors that play a significant role in creating and destroying the opportunities for any business. If the economy of the country where the product or service would be marketed is stable and unbiased, it is a great opportunity for the businesses. The political and legal stability plays a vital role for starting any business in a country. The social and cultural environmental forces are most sig nificant to consider because they contain people, the real buyers of the products and services. (Glader, 2006, pp. 16).Nigerias culture and tradition are slightly different than the other regions of the world i.e. UK and USA. There are several languages are being spoken in Nigeria, but the official language is English. This is one of the best strength of Nigerian culture that welcomes the foreign firms to join the Nigerian market. The legal system of Nigeria is a combination of several laws and principles including Islamic, customary and English laws. There could be some threats for the fast foods businesses because of diverse religions and laws systems. Nigeria has a mixed economy and stands at the 36th position in terms of GDP as of 2013. The agricultural industry of Nigeria significantly supported its economy followed by the natural resources of crude oil, natural gas and wholesale products. The income per capita increased in the period of 2004-2012 (Trading Economic, 2013). The income status of people is acceptable, but not for general Nigerian public. However, the earning people are able to afford the fast food product grease ones palms even in regular intervals. While the poor wages of most of the people, late payments and strikes can lots make critical situations in the country.Figure GDP Per CapitaThe technological advancement is growing rapidly in Nigeria and it is a most important advantage for MNCs. The online markets are majorly playing important role in bringing buyers and sellers closer. People now prefer to use online platforms for placing orders and making purchases. Thus theonline promotional strategy and also television receiver and physical ad banners would be supporterful for Pizza Hut if implemented. some(prenominal) other products are also getting rapid fame among people such as MacDonalds and Italian Pizza. The introduction of several upright schemes and promotions such as coupons, gifts, weekend packages and midnight offers would be remunerationable and would also help Pizza Hut to get rapid repute and vast customer circle.Market sizeThe market size of the host country describes the demand and supply scale of the products. To supply the products in any host country there must be sufficient potential demand. Larger the market size, better the economical growth would be (Wei & Liu, 2001, pp.38). Several international investors and marketers have opened their retail business in Nigerian market such as Shoprite, Artee Industries Ltd, and Internationale Spar Centrale BV in 2012. The rapidly increasing population of Nigeria will generate the strong and ever personnel casualty demand for international products specifically the fast food products. The increasing rate of urbanization and positive economic sentinel of Nigeria will support the MNCs. (Euro Monitor, 2013).CompetitorsOne of the main competitors and its product prices in Lagos is Dominos PizzaDominos Pizza is a popular pizza joint in Lagos. They offer both dine in and home delivery services. Their motto is to spread delight around Lagos. Products and PricesDominos main offering may be pizza but a wide variety of side orders is also offered by the fast food joint. The price list of their popular products is as follows sensationalistic Feast broiled chicken breast,mushrooms and sweet corn.Medium 2,000Large 2,900Hot Pepperoni FeastExtra beef pepperoni,red chillies & supererogatorymozzarella cheeseMedium 2,000Large 2,900Hot VeggieOnion, green pepper,banana, red chillies& tomatoesMedium 2,000Large 2,900BBQ ChickenGrilled chicken breast, Onions & BBQ sauce.Medium 2,300Large 3,200BBQ Philly SteakPhilly steak, Beef topping, Onions & BBQ sauceMedium 2,300Large 3,200Meal Deals and side orders are also offered. The joint also serves Cold Stone Ice creamPromotion and advertisingDominos pizza uses different channels of advertisement and promotion. Billboards and hoardings are used to promote supernumerary deals and discounts. The fast food joint has a website that houses the menu and also facilitates online order booking. Dominos prides itself on its ability to make prompt deliveries throughout Lagos. DistributionDominos Pizza has six main outlets in Lagos. The bulk of distribution is attributed to home delivery. Apart from these international fast food chains, many local fast food joints are open in Lagos. These overwhelm Marios Pizza and fast foodSweet SensationMama CassGhana HighThese fast food chains offer a wide range of discount deals and competitiveprices. price StrategyPricing is one of the most important aspects of the marketing mix of the product. Product placement and promotion depends on how the product has been priced. In order to determined a price strategy, pricing objectives must be set. These include sure profit maximizationCurrent revenue maximizationMaximize quantityMaximize profit marginQuality leadership incomplete cost recoverySurvivalStatus quoSince Pizza Hut will be introducing its products in Lagos for the first-year time, its pricing object should be to maximise quantity and ultimately become the market leader. In order to attain this status Pizza Hut may employ one of the two pricing strategies exhaust Pricing whereby the company prices its products high. This offers profit maximisation. By adopting this strategy the company assumes the stance of serving a recession market. Penetration Pricing whereby products are priced low to maximise quantity and ease into the market. Since, the luff market for Pizza hut is price sensitive and highly elastic, the best pricing strategy would be Penetration Pricing. By pricing the products low at the beginning, Pizza Hut would be able to gain more market mete out and cater to a greater market. Pricing MethodsSeveral pricing methods may be employed to satisfy the pricing objectives of the company. These methods vary from product to product. Some companies may use different and modernistic pricing methods that bett er satisfy the needs of both the customer and the company. Traditionally used pricing methods include Cost-plus pricing based on production cost plus a certain profit margin Target-return pricing based on a pose return-on-investment Value-based pricing based on value offered relative to competitors Psychological pricing based on customers perception and demand Pizza Hut may employ any one or a combination of the above mentioned pricing methods to accomplish its pricing objectives. Price give the sacksThe list price is normally discounted for the distribution channel. This may be through with(p) in the following ways Quantity discountCumulative quantity discountSeasonal DiscountCash discountTrade discountPromotional discountPizza hut could offer the following price discounts to its customers Quantity discounts whereby customers buying in greater quantities could be offered special deals and discounts Promotional discounts special promotions could be used to boost sales marketing P lanMarketing ObjectivesMarketing objectives helps define what a company wants to achieve through its marketing activities. Firms from different industries create their marketing objectives by doing a constitutional analysis of their firms SWOT analysis in order to identify the key areas of concentration. For Pizza Hut, to define its marketing objectives it has to decide on the entry strategy that it will adopt for Nigeria.Entry StrategyOne of the leading markets in Sub-Saharan Africa is Nigeria with a population of above 158 million. However Nigeria having a wide range of ethnic groups is an environment with high risk potential. It would be advisable for Pizza Hut to franchise the company to another(prenominal) company in Nigeria, in order to reduce unforeseen risk. A franchise is an agreement betwixt two parties where the franchisor sells the right to franchise the company to a franchisee. However due to the changes in routines and consumer flavors, preferences are quickly growi ng towards packed and convenient foods. All these matters are assisting the countrys retail food sector to develop.In growing markets like Nigeria, consumers would always prefer to have a cuisine that is more appropriate to the native palate rather than aninternational cuisine Finding the right partner to sell the rights great power be quite daunting but Devyani International Limited an Indian based company with functioning in Nigeria might be good partner to sell the franchise to. Devyani International Limited an associate company of RJ-Corp Largest bottler for Pepsico with currently having about 300 outlets of Pizza Hut, KFC, Costa, Swensens, and many more brands in India (Devyani International Limited). The company opened KFC in Nigeria as of 2009 and is currently investing on opening more outlets in the region (Business New Nigeria).Our study showed that an average Nigerian spends around 72.97% of his/her income on food. The table below shows the percentage of tote up food e xpenditure in Nigeria as of 2010.IMAPs Food & Beverage Industry Global musical theme 2010Total Food ExpenditurePercentage of Total Expenditure (%)Beverages/Tobacco2.73Meat12.88Fish15.22 diary5.61Breads/Cereals34.08Fats/Oils5.15Fruits/Vegetables15.44Other Foods8.89Percentage of Total Food Expenditure (%)72.97After selecting the entry strategy, establishing the SMART approach for the marketing objective would seem useful. This will however help to ensure the objective are detail explains what needs to be gained.Measurable objectives should be measurable in terms of performance indicators, percentages, outcomes, and much more. Action-oriented State which action need to taken and who should take them. Realistic the resources available should be able to meet the objectives. Time Specific specify time frame and schedules for achievements or completion. To achieve the SMART approach, Pizza Hut will have to train the management of its franchisee on how to operate and manage the busi ness similar to that of Pizza Huts method.Product AdaptationThe key for international food chains such as Pizza Hut is to emphasize on adapting and accepting the local palate and then developing innovative foods to win over the native consumers. The term Product Adaptation uses the strategy of the follower. That is the new product is based on improvements or modifications of the current product of the company (MBA Skool). To be successful in an international market it necessary for a firm to adapt its product to meet international customers or markets needs (Small Biz Connect). For Pizza Hut, it will have to rely on the franchisee to foresee the product adaptation in the region. The franchisee with its extensive knowledge in the market understands consumer preferences, even though Nigeria is country with wide range of cultures but each culture share common trait in its region.Promotion MixPromotion is the method used to create sentiency about a product or service to customers a fir m offers (Small Business Development). Once the business has started the following are means to raise awareness to the public about the company1. Advertising one of the most important forms of passing learning tothe general public. It is a form of communication used to impel or persuade potential consumers to choose a companys product or service over its competitors (Small Business Development). Successful advertising should be planned properly so that the consumer perceives the intended messages. There many types of media options to choose for advertising choosing which type of media depends on the market a firm is trying target and also on the budget. The types of media include press advertising, radio, television, direct mail, ambient, and much more. Firms should be careful on selecting the type of media (or mixture) for advertising their product so as not waste resources, a famous quote from tooshie Wanamaker (1838-1922) state Half the money I spend on advertising is wasted the trouble is I do not know which half (Small Business Development).2. Sales Promotion relates to incentives or activities mostly unequal-term that produces the likelihood of purchase or sale of a product. Sales promotions can be used to target different types of customers, types of promotions include consumer, business, trade, and Sales force promotions.3. Public Relation this is all about building kind with stakeholders of a company by obtaining favorable publicity, incorporating a strong brand image and name, and providing accurate information to the public. Having a strong relationship with stakeholders can generate positive outcomes for a firm where customers can provide good recommendation to others due their satisfaction with the company (Small Business Development).The franchisee of Pizza Hut should be able to use any of the above-mentioned promotion or use all of them. For the advertising both parties should argue on the cost for doing the advertisement whether both would share the cost or one party would be responsible.Channels of DistributionAgricultural and livestock products have a high import tariff in Nigeria the government imposed such high tariffs as part of their economic reform to boost the economy and to support the agricultural sector. Pizza Hut would face high tariffs if it were going to supply the business with its ownproduce. The company or the franchisee can partner with any of the intermediaries to provide the company with agricultural products this in short would save the firm cost it would have to bear due to import tariffs and compensating with high prices of the products to the customers.SWOT abbreviationConclusionOnce colonized by the British, Nigeria is known as the Giant of Africa which is one of the most populous countries in Africa. Having a population of over 160 million people and over 250 ethnic groups with each having their own dialects, it is a mixed economy with developing market sectors. Even though a majority of the general population are earning low incomes, the increasing rate of urbanization and positive economic outlook of Nigeria will support the multinational companies. Due to the rapid growth in technology in the country, various sources of promotional strategies can be followed such as online platforms and other beneficial schemes in order to help the business to get a rapid fame and vast customer circle. Hence through continuous marketing plans and strategies, we can extent the label of our fast food joint around the nation and generate happiness among the people.ReferencesEntrepreneur Media. 2013. Pizza Hut Inc.. ONLINE operable at http//www.entrepreneur.com/franchises/pizzahutinc/282696-0.html. Accessed 04 November 13.Oliver Joy and Tatiana Nassar. 2013. Fast-food giants want pizza the action in Africa. ONLINE Available at http//edition.cnn.com/2013/10/04/business/fast-food-giants-africa/. Accessed 06 November 13.Uche M. Nzeka. 2011. Steady Growth of Nigerias Retail Food are na . ONLINE Available at http//photos.state.gov/libraries/nigeria/487468/pdfs/Retail.pdf. Accessed12 November 13.ATKearney. 2013. 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